Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

absolute war

  • 1 absolute war

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > absolute war

  • 2 absolute war

    решительные боевые действия, война до победного конца
    * * *

    English-Russian military dictionary > absolute war

  • 3 absolute war

    English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > absolute war

  • 4 ABSOLUTE WAR

    English-Arabic military dictionary > ABSOLUTE WAR

  • 5 ABSOLUTE -WAR

    English-Arabic military dictionary > ABSOLUTE -WAR

  • 6 war

    война; военные [боевые] действия; воевать; военный; см. тж. warfare

    trigger (off) a war — развязывать войну; служить поводом к войне

    — at war
    — fourth dimensional war
    — war of positions

    English-Russian military dictionary > war

  • 7 complete

    1. adjective
    1) vollständig; (in number) vollzählig; komplett
    2) (finished) fertig; abgeschlossen [Arbeit]
    3) (absolute) völlig; total, komplett [Idiot, Reinfall, Ignoranz]; absolut [Chaos, Katastrophe]; vollkommen [Ruhe]; total, (ugs.) blutig [Anfänger, Amateur]
    2. transitive verb
    1) (finish) beenden; fertig stellen [Gebäude, Arbeit]; abschließen [Vertrag]
    2) (make whole) vervollkommnen, vollkommen machen [Glück]; vervollständigen [Sammlung]
    3) (make whole amount of) vollzählig machen
    4) ausfüllen [Fragebogen, Formular]
    * * *
    [kəm'pli:t] 1. adjective
    1) (whole; with nothing missing: a complete set of Shakespeare's plays.) vollständig
    2) (thorough: My car needs a complete overhaul; a complete surprise.) völlig
    3) (finished: My picture will soon be complete.) fertig
    2. verb
    (to finish; to make complete: When will he complete the job?; This stamp completes my collection.) vervollständigen
    - academic.ru/85581/completely">completely
    - completeness
    - completion
    * * *
    com·plete
    [kəmˈpli:t]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \complete sth
    1. (add what is missing) collection, set etw vervollständigen; form, questionnaire etw [vollständig] ausfüllen
    all she needed to \complete her happiness was a baby alles, was ihr zu ihrem Glück noch fehlte, war ein Baby
    2. (finish) etw fertigstellen [o zu Ende bringen]
    to \complete a conveyance LAW eine Eigentumsübertragung abschließen
    to \complete a course einen Kurs absolvieren
    to \complete one's studies sein Studium zu Ende bringen
    II. adj
    1. (with nothing missing) vollständig, komplett
    a \complete set ein vollständiges Set
    the \complete works of Shakespeare Shakespeares gesammelte Werke
    sun, sand and romance — their holiday was \complete Sonne, Sand, Romantik — ihr Urlaub war vollkommen
    2. pred (finished) book fertig
    \complete with inklusive
    \complete with batteries inklusive Batterien
    4. attr (total) absolut, komplett
    the man's a \complete fool! der Mann ist ein Vollidiot! fam
    it was a \complete surprise es war eine völlige Überraschung
    \complete blank völlige Leere
    \complete breakdown totaler Zusammenbruch
    \complete coverage (in insurance) volle Deckung [o Risikoübernahme]
    in \complete darkness in völliger Dunkelheit
    the \complete gentleman der perfekte Gentleman
    \complete mastery vollkommene Beherrschung
    \complete paralysis vollständige Lähmung
    \complete protein vollwertiges Eiweiß
    \complete silence absolute Stille
    a \complete stranger ein völlig Fremder/eine völlig Fremde
    \complete and utter total fam
    * * *
    [kəm'pliːt]
    1. adj
    1) (= entire, whole) ganz attr; set also, wardrobe, deck of cards vollständig, komplett; (= having the required numbers) vollzählig; edition Gesamt-

    my happiness/disappointment was complete —

    the complete works of Shakespeare — die gesammelten Werke Shakespeares

    no classical collection is complete without Beethoven's ninth symphony —

    2) attr (= total, absolute) völlig; failure, beginner, disaster, flop also, victory total; surprise, shambles also komplett; satisfaction also, approval voll

    we were complete strangers —

    3) (= finished) fertig

    his novel is not yet complete —

    4)

    he came complete with rucksack and boots — er erschien komplett ausgerüstet mit Rucksack und Stiefeln

    5) sportsman, gardener etc perfekt
    2. vt
    1) (= make whole) collection, set vervollständigen, komplettieren; team vollzählig machen; education, meal abrunden
    2) (fig) happiness vollkommen machen

    and to complete their misery... — und zu allem Unglück...

    3) (= finish) beenden, abschließen, zum Abschluss or zu Ende bringen; building, work fertigstellen; prison sentence verbüßen
    4) form, questionnaire ausfüllen
    * * *
    complete [kəmˈpliːt]
    A adj (adv completely)
    1. komplett, vollständig, vollkommen, völlig, ganz, total:
    complete beginner blutiger Anfänger;
    complete combustion vollständige Verbrennung;
    complete defeat vollständige Niederlage;
    complete edition Gesamtausgabe f;
    complete outfit komplette Ausstattung;
    he is a complete stranger to me er ist mir völlig unbekannt;
    it was a complete surprise to me es war oder kam für mich völlig überraschend;
    complete with (mit)samt, komplett mit;
    completely unthinkable völlig undenkbar
    2. vollzählig, komplett
    3. beendet, vollendet, fertig
    4. vollkommen, perfekt (Gastgeberin etc)
    B v/t
    1. vervollständigen, ergänzen
    2. vollenden, abschließen, beendigen, fertigstellen:
    complete a contract einen Vertrag erfüllen;
    complete one’s sentence JUR seine Strafe verbüßen;
    complete one’s studies sein Studium absolvieren
    3. fig vollenden, vervollkommnen:
    that completed his happiness das machte sein Glück vollkommen
    4. ein Formular ausfüllen
    comp. abk
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) vollständig; (in number) vollzählig; komplett
    2) (finished) fertig; abgeschlossen [Arbeit]
    3) (absolute) völlig; total, komplett [Idiot, Reinfall, Ignoranz]; absolut [Chaos, Katastrophe]; vollkommen [Ruhe]; total, (ugs.) blutig [Anfänger, Amateur]
    2. transitive verb
    1) (finish) beenden; fertig stellen [Gebäude, Arbeit]; abschließen [Vertrag]
    2) (make whole) vervollkommnen, vollkommen machen [Glück]; vervollständigen [Sammlung]
    3) (make whole amount of) vollzählig machen
    4) ausfüllen [Fragebogen, Formular]
    * * *
    adj.
    komplett adj.
    lückenlos adj.
    vollständig (Mathematik) adj.
    vollständig adj.
    völlig adj. v.
    ergänzen v.
    fertigstellen v.
    komplettieren v.
    vervollständigen v.
    vollenden v.

    English-german dictionary > complete

  • 8 end

    1. noun
    1) (farthest point) Ende, das; (of nose, hair, tail, branch, finger) Spitze, die

    that was the end — (coll.) (no longer tolerable) da war Schluss (ugs.); (very bad) das war das Letzte (ugs.)

    come to an end — enden ( see also 1. 7))

    my patience has come to or is now at an end — meine Geduld ist jetzt am Ende

    look at a building/a pencil end on — ein Gebäude von der Schmalseite/einen Bleistift von der Spitze her betrachten

    keep one's end up — (fig.) seinen Mann stehen

    make [both] ends meet — (fig.) [mit seinem Geld] zurechtkommen

    no end — (coll.) unendlich viel

    there is no end to something — (coll.) etwas nimmt kein Ende

    put an end to something — einer Sache (Dat.) ein Ende machen

    2) (of box, packet, tube, etc.) Schmalseite, die; (top/bottom surface) Ober-/Unterseite, die

    on end — (upright) hochkant

    somebody's hair stands on end — (fig.) jemandem stehen die Haare zu Berge (ugs.)

    3) (remnant) Rest, der; (of cigarette, candle) Stummel, der
    4) (side) Seite, die
    5) (half of sports pitch or court) Spielfeldhälfte, die

    deep/shallow end [of the pool] — tiefer/flacher Teil [des Schwimmbeckens]

    7) (conclusion, lit. or fig.) Ende, das; (of lesson, speech, story, discussion, meeting, argument, play, film, book, sentence) Schluss, der; Ende, das

    by the end of the week/meeting — als die Woche herum war/als die Versammlung zu Ende war

    at the end of 1987/March — Ende 1987/März

    that's the end of that — (fig.) damit ist die Sache erledigt

    bring a meeting etc. to an end — eine Versammlung usw. beenden

    come to an end — ein Ende nehmen (see also 1. 1))

    have come to the end of something — mit etwas fertig sein

    8) (downfall, destruction) Ende, das; (death) Ende, das (geh. verhüll.)

    meet one's end — den Tod finden (geh.)

    somebody comes to a bad end — es nimmt ein böses od. schlimmes Ende mit jemandem

    9) (purpose, object) Ziel, das; Zweck, der

    be an end in itself — (the only purpose) das eigentliche Ziel sein

    to this/what end — zu diesem/welchem Zweck

    2. transitive verb
    1) (bring to an end) beenden; kündigen [Abonnement]

    end one's life/days — (spend last part of life) sein Leben/seine Tage beschließen

    2) (put an end to, destroy) ein Ende setzen (+ Dat.)

    end it [all] — (coll.): (kill oneself) [mit dem Leben] Schluss machen (ugs.)

    3) (stand as supreme example of)

    a feast/race etc. to end all feasts/races — etc. ein Fest/Rennen usw., das alles [bisher Dagewesene] in den Schatten stellt

    3. intransitive verb

    where will it all end? — wo soll das noch hinführen?

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [end] 1. noun
    1) (the last or farthest part of the length of something: the house at the end of the road; both ends of the room; Put the tables end to end (= with the end of one touching the end of another); ( also adjective) We live in the end house.) das Ende, End-...
    2) (the finish or conclusion: the end of the week; The talks have come to an end; The affair is at an end; He is at the end of his strength; They fought bravely to the end; If she wins the prize we'll never hear the end of it (= she will often talk about it).) das Ende
    3) (death: The soldiers met their end bravely.) der Tod
    4) (an aim: What end have you in view?) das Ziel
    5) (a small piece left over: cigarette ends.) der Rest, der Stummel
    2. verb
    (to bring or come to an end: The scheme ended in disaster; How does the play end?; How should I end (off) this letter?) (be)enden
    - ending
    - endless
    - at a loose end
    - end up
    - in the end
    - make both ends meet
    - make ends meet
    - no end of
    - no end
    - on end
    - put an end to
    - the end
    * * *
    [end]
    I. n
    1. (last, furthest point) Ende nt
    at our/your \end ( fam) bei uns/euch
    from \end to \end von einem Ende zum anderen
    2. (final part, finish) Ende nt, Schluss m
    \end of the exchange session STOCKEX Börsenschluss m
    \end of the quarter Quartalsende nt
    \end of the term Laufzeitende nt
    on \end ununterbrochen
    for hours on \end stundenlang
    3. (limit) Ende nt
    to be at the \end of one's patience mit seiner Geduld am Ende sein
    no \end of trouble reichlich Ärger
    4. (completion) Schluss m
    there's an \end of it! Schluss jetzt!
    her career is now at an \end ihre Karriere ist jetzt zu Ende
    to come to an \end zu Ende gehen
    to make an \end of sth mit etw dat Schluss machen
    to put an \end to sth etw dat ein Ende setzen
    to read a story to the \end eine Geschichte zu Ende lesen
    at the \end of next week Ende nächster Woche
    at the \end of six months nach Ablauf von sechs Monaten
    without \end unaufhörlich
    5. (exhaustion) Ende nt
    to be at an \end fertig sein fam; ( fig) pleite sein fam
    6. (surface bounding extremities) Ende nt; TECH Stirnseite f, Stirnfläche f
    \end to \end der Länge nach
    \end on:
    the table faced him \end on er stand vor der kurzen Tischkante
    place the table \end on against the wall stell den Tisch mit der schmalen Seite an die Wand
    on \end hochkant
    my hair stood on \end mir standen die Haare zu Berge
    7. usu pl (aims) Ziel nt, Absicht f; (purpose) Zweck m
    for commercial \ends zu kommerziellen Zwecken
    to achieve one's \ends seine Ziele erreichen
    to this \end zu diesem Zweck
    8. ( fig: matter of concern) Teil m
    I'm taking care of my \end of the plan and hope he's taking care of his ich kümmere mich um meinen Teil des Plans und hoffe, dass er sich um seinen kümmert
    you take care of the business \end of things du kümmerst dich um das Geschäftliche
    9. (result) Ergebnis nt
    the \end of all that was that... das Ende vom Lied war, dass...
    10. (death) Ende nt, Tod m
    sudden/untimely \end plötzliches/vorzeitiges Ende
    to meet one's \end den Tod finden geh
    sb is nearing his/her \end mit jdm geht es zu Ende
    11. (small leftover piece) Rest m, Ende nt; of a candle, cigarette Stummel m
    12. (share in a business transaction) Anteil m, SCHWEIZ a. Betreffnis nt
    13. SPORT (either half of a pitch) [Spielfeld]hälfte f; (player in American Football) den Seitenlinien am nächsten stehender Spieler
    14. COMPUT (button on keyboard) ‚Ende‘
    15. ( fam: the worst)
    it's the \end das ist das Letzte fam
    16. esp AM ( fam: the best)
    it's the \end das ist das Größte fam
    17.
    ▶ all \ends up völlig
    ▶ to become an \end in itself [zum] Selbstzweck werden
    ▶ to come to a bad [or BRIT sticky] \end ein schlimmes Ende nehmen
    ▶ at the \end of the day (when everything is considered) letzten Endes; (finally, eventually) schließlich, zum Schluss
    ▶ to go off the deep \end hochgehen fam
    ▶ to hold [or keep] one's \end up sich akk nicht unterkriegen lassen fam
    ▶ in the \end (when everything is considered) letzten Endes; (finally, eventually) schließlich, zum Schluss
    ▶ the \end justifies the means ( prov) der Zweck heiligt die Mittel prov
    ▶ to make [both] \ends meet mit seinem Geld zurechtkommen, über die Runden kommen fam
    ▶ no \end außerordentlich
    that would please Granny no \end darüber würde Oma sich irrsinnig freuen fam
    ▶ to put an \end to oneself [or it all] Selbstmord begehen
    ▶ to reach the \end of the line [or road] am Ende sein
    ▶ \end of story Schluss, aus, fertig fam
    he deserved to be punished, \end of story er hat die Strafe verdient und Schluss fam
    ▶ [and] that's the \end of the story [or matter] und jetzt Schluss damit!
    ▶ to be at the \end of one's tether [or AM rope] am Ende [seiner Kräfte] sein
    ▶ to throw sb in at the deep \end jdn ins kalte Wasser werfen fig
    ▶ it's not the \end of the world davon geht die Welt nicht unter
    II. vt
    ▪ to \end sth etw beenden [o zu Ende bringen
    2. (make stop)
    ▪ to \end sth etw beenden, etw dat ein Ende setzen [o machen
    3. (outdo)
    a film to \end all films der beste Film aller Zeiten
    4.
    ▶ to \end it all Selbstmord begehen
    III. vi
    ▪ to \end in sth in etw dat enden
    to \end in divorce mit der Scheidung enden
    to \end in a draw unentschieden ausgehen
    2. (finish) enden
    * * *
    [end]
    1. n
    1) Ende nt; (of finger) Spitze f

    to the ends of the earth — bis ans Ende der Welt

    who'll meet you at the other end? — wer holt dich ab, wenn du ankommst?

    Lisa's on the other end (of the phone) — Lisa ist am Telefon

    to stand on end (barrel, box etc) — hochkant stehen; (hair) zu Berge stehen

    for hours on end —

    to make (both) ends meet (fig) — zurechtkommen (inf), sich über Wasser halten

    See:
    2) (= remnant of rope) Ende nt, Rest m; (of candle, cigarette) Stummel m

    just a few odd ends left — nur noch ein paar Reste

    3) (= conclusion) Ende nt

    at/toward(s) the end of December — Ende/gegen Ende Dezember

    at the end of (the) winter/the war — am Ende des Winters/des Krieges

    at the end of the opera/the book — am Schluss der Oper/des Buches

    they'll be paid at the end of the job — sie werden bezahlt, wenn sie mit der Arbeit fertig sind

    at the end of the day (fig) — letzten Endes, schließlich und endlich

    until or to the end of time — bis ans Ende aller Tage

    as far as I'm concerned, that's the end of the matter! — für mich ist die Sache erledigt

    to be at the end of one's patience/strength — mit seiner Geduld/seinen Kräften am Ende sein

    to watch a film to the end —

    to bring to an end — zu Ende bringen, beenden; relations ein Ende setzen (+dat), beenden

    to get to the end of the road/book — ans Ende der Straße/zum Schluss des Buches kommen

    this is the end of the road for the government —

    in the end — schließlich, zum Schluss

    to put an end to sth — einer Sache (dat) ein Ende setzen

    he met a violent end —

    4)

    (inf phrases) we met no end of famous people (esp Brit) — wir trafen viele berühmte Leute

    you're the end (Brit) (= annoying) (= funny) — du bist der letzte Mensch (inf) du bist zum Schreien (inf)

    5) (= purpose) Ziel nt, Zweck m
    2. adj attr
    letzte(r, s)

    the end house — das Endhaus, das letzte Haus

    3. vt
    beenden; speech, one's days also beschließen
    4. vi
    enden

    where's it all going to end? — wo soll das nur hinführen?

    to end in an "s" —

    an argument which ended in a fight — ein Streit, der mit einer Schlägerei endete

    * * *
    end [end]
    A v/t
    1. auch end off beenden, zu Ende bringen oder führen, einer Sache ein Ende machen:
    end it all umg Schluss machen (sich umbringen)
    2. töten, umbringen
    3. a) auch end up etwas ab-, beschließen ( beide:
    with mit)
    b) den Rest seiner Tage zu-, verbringen, seine Tage beschließen
    4. übertreffen:
    the dictionary to end all dictionaries das beste Wörterbuch aller Zeiten;
    he’s a husband to end all husbands er ist ein absoluter Mustergatte
    B v/i
    1. enden, aufhören, zu Ende kommen, schließen:
    when the war ended bei Kriegsende;
    all’s well that ends well Ende gut, alles gut;
    where is all this going to end? wo soll das alles nur hinführen?
    2. auch end up enden, ausgehen ( beide:
    by, in, with damit, dass):
    the story ends happily die Geschichte geht gut aus;
    end in disaster ( oder a fiasco) mit einem Fiasko enden;
    it ended with ( oder in) sb getting hurt schließlich führte es dazu, dass jemand verletzt wurde;
    he will end by marrying her er wird sie schließlich heiraten
    3. sterben
    a) enden, landen umg ( beide:
    in prison im Gefängnis),
    b) enden (as als):
    he ended up as an actor er wurde schließlich Schauspieler
    C s
    1. (örtlich) Ende n:
    at the end of the back straight SPORT eingangs der Zielkurve;
    begin at the wrong end am falschen Ende anfangen;
    from one end to another, from end to end von einem Ende zum anderen, vom Anfang bis zum Ende
    2. Ende n, (entfernte) Gegend:
    to the end of the world bis ans Ende der Welt;
    the other end of the street das andere Ende der Straße
    3. Ende n, Endchen n, Rest m, Stück(chen) n, Stummel m, Stumpf m
    4. Ende n, Spitze f (eines Bleistifts etc)
    5. SCHIFF (Kabel-, Tau) Ende n
    6. auch TECH Stirnseite f, -fläche f, Ende n:
    the two trains hit each other end on die beiden Züge stießen frontal zusammen;
    put two tables end to end zwei Tische mit den Schmalseiten oder Enden aneinanderstellen
    7. (zeitlich) Ende n, Schluss m:
    “the end” (FILM etc) „Ende“;
    in the end am Ende, schließlich;
    at the end of the season am Saisonende;
    to the end of time bis in alle Ewigkeit;
    without end unaufhörlich, endlos, immer und ewig;
    there is no end in sight es ist kein Ende abzusehen;
    there is no end to it es hat oder nimmt kein Ende
    8. Tod m, Ende n, Untergang m:
    be near one’s end dem Tod nahe sein;
    you will be the end of me! du bringst mich noch ins Grab!
    9. Resultat n, Ergebnis n, Folge f:
    the end of the matter was that … die Folge (davon) war, dass …
    10. meist pl Absicht f, (End)Zweck m, Ziel n:
    end in itself Selbstzweck;
    the end justifies ( oder sanctifies) the means der Zweck heiligt die Mittel;
    to this end zu diesem Zweck;
    gain one’s ends sein Ziel erreichen;
    for one’s own end zum eigenen Nutzen;
    private ends Privatinteressen;
    to no end vergebensBesondere Redewendungen: no end of applause umg nicht enden wollender Beifall;
    no end of trouble umg endlose Scherereien;
    he is no end of a fool umg er ist ein Vollidiot;
    we had no end of fun umg wir hatten einen Mordsspaß;
    no end disappointed umg maßlos enttäuscht;
    a) ununterbrochen, hintereinander,
    b) aufrecht stehend, hochkant for hours on end stundenlang;
    place ( oder put) sth on (its) end etwas aufrecht oder hochkant stellen;
    hy hair stood on end mir standen die Haare zu Berge;
    end to end der Länge nach, hintereinander;
    at our ( oder this) end umg hier bei uns;
    at your end umg bei Ihnen, dort, in Ihrer Stadt;
    how are things at your end? umg was tut sich bei Ihnen?;
    a) zu Ende sein, aus sein,
    b) mit seinen Mitteln oder Kräften am Ende sein my patience is at an end meine Geduld ist zu Ende;
    you are the (absolute) end umg
    a) du bist (doch) das Letzte,
    b) du bist (echt) zum Brüllen that’s the (absolute) end umg
    a) das ist (doch) das Letzte,
    b) das ist (einfach) sagenhaft iron. bring to an end eine Versammlung etc beenden;
    come ( oder draw) to an end ein Ende nehmen oder finden, zu Ende gehen;
    come to a bad end ein schlimmes oder böses Ende nehmen, bös enden;
    you’ll come to a bad end mit dir wird es (noch einmal) ein schlimmes Ende nehmen;
    get one’s end away Br vulg sl bumsen (Geschlechtsverkehr haben);
    go off (at) the deep end umg hochgehen, wütend werden;
    have an end ein Ende haben oder nehmen;
    have sth at one’s finger’s end umg etwas aus dem Effeff beherrschen, etwas (Kenntnisse) parat haben;
    keep one’s end up umg
    a) seinen Mann stehen,
    b) sich nicht unterkriegen lassen make (both) ends meet durchkommen, (finanziell) über die Runden kommen ( beide:
    on mit);
    make an end of ( oder put an end to) sth Schluss machen mit etwas, einer Sache ein Ende setzen;
    put an end to o.s. seinem Leben ein Ende machen oder setzen; → loose A 3 b, sharp A 1
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (farthest point) Ende, das; (of nose, hair, tail, branch, finger) Spitze, die

    that was the end — (coll.) (no longer tolerable) da war Schluss (ugs.); (very bad) das war das Letzte (ugs.)

    come to an end — enden (see also 1. 7))

    my patience has come to or is now at an end — meine Geduld ist jetzt am Ende

    look at a building/a pencil end on — ein Gebäude von der Schmalseite/einen Bleistift von der Spitze her betrachten

    keep one's end up — (fig.) seinen Mann stehen

    make [both] ends meet — (fig.) [mit seinem Geld] zurechtkommen

    no end — (coll.) unendlich viel

    there is no end to something — (coll.) etwas nimmt kein Ende

    put an end to something — einer Sache (Dat.) ein Ende machen

    2) (of box, packet, tube, etc.) Schmalseite, die; (top/bottom surface) Ober-/Unterseite, die

    on end — (upright) hochkant

    somebody's hair stands on end — (fig.) jemandem stehen die Haare zu Berge (ugs.)

    3) (remnant) Rest, der; (of cigarette, candle) Stummel, der
    4) (side) Seite, die
    5) (half of sports pitch or court) Spielfeldhälfte, die

    deep/shallow end [of the pool] — tiefer/flacher Teil [des Schwimmbeckens]

    7) (conclusion, lit. or fig.) Ende, das; (of lesson, speech, story, discussion, meeting, argument, play, film, book, sentence) Schluss, der; Ende, das

    by the end of the week/meeting — als die Woche herum war/als die Versammlung zu Ende war

    at the end of 1987/March — Ende 1987/März

    that's the end of that — (fig.) damit ist die Sache erledigt

    bring a meeting etc. to an end — eine Versammlung usw. beenden

    come to an end — ein Ende nehmen (see also 1. 1))

    8) (downfall, destruction) Ende, das; (death) Ende, das (geh. verhüll.)

    somebody comes to a bad end — es nimmt ein böses od. schlimmes Ende mit jemandem

    9) (purpose, object) Ziel, das; Zweck, der

    be an end in itself — (the only purpose) das eigentliche Ziel sein

    to this/what end — zu diesem/welchem Zweck

    2. transitive verb
    1) (bring to an end) beenden; kündigen [Abonnement]

    end one's life/days — (spend last part of life) sein Leben/seine Tage beschließen

    2) (put an end to, destroy) ein Ende setzen (+ Dat.)

    end it [all] — (coll.): (kill oneself) [mit dem Leben] Schluss machen (ugs.)

    a feast/race etc. to end all feasts/races — etc. ein Fest/Rennen usw., das alles [bisher Dagewesene] in den Schatten stellt

    3. intransitive verb
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (cigarette) n.
    Zigarettenkippe f.
    Zigarettenstummel m. n.
    Ende -n n.
    Schluss ¨-e m.
    Ziel -e n.
    Zweck -e m. v.
    beenden v.
    beendigen v.
    enden v.

    English-german dictionary > end

  • 9 pitch

    I 1. noun
    1) (Brit.): (usual place) [Stand]platz, der; (stand) Stand, der; (Sport): (playing area) Feld, das; Platz, der
    2) (Mus.) Tonhöhe, die; (of voice) Stimmlage, die; (of instrument) Tonlage, die
    3) (slope) Neigung, die
    4) (fig.): (degree, intensity)

    reach such a pitch that... — sich so zuspitzen, dass...

    2. transitive verb
    1) (erect) aufschlagen [Zelt]

    pitch camp — ein/das Lager aufschlagen

    2) (throw) werfen
    3) (Mus.) anstimmen [Melodie]; stimmen [Instrument]
    4) (fig.)
    5)

    pitched battle — offene [Feld]schlacht

    3. intransitive verb
    (fall) [kopfüber] stürzen; [Schiff, Fahrzeug, Flugzeug:] mit einem Ruck nach vorn kippen; (repeatedly) [Schiff:] stampfen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/90132/pitch_in">pitch in
    II noun
    (substance) Pech, das
    * * *
    I 1. [pi ] verb
    1) (to set up (a tent or camp): They pitched their tent in the field.) aufschlagen
    2) (to throw: He pitched the stone into the river.) werfen
    3) (to (cause to) fall heavily: He pitched forward.) stürzen
    4) ((of a ship) to rise and fall violently: The boat pitched up and down on the rough sea.) stampfen
    5) (to set (a note or tune) at a particular level: He pitched the tune too high for my voice.) anstimmen
    2. noun
    1) (the field or ground for certain games: a cricket-pitch; a football pitch.) das Feld
    2) (the degree of highness or lowness of a musical note, voice etc.) die Tonhöhe
    3) (an extreme point or intensity: His anger reached such a pitch that he hit her.) der Grad
    4) (the part of a street etc where a street-seller or entertainer works: He has a pitch on the High Street.) der Stand
    5) (the act of pitching or throwing or the distance something is pitched: That was a long pitch.) der Wurf
    6) ((of a ship) the act of pitching.) das Stampfen
    •
    - -pitched
    - pitcher
    - pitched battle
    - pitchfork     II [pi ] noun
    (a thick black substance obtained from tar: as black as pitch.) das Pech
    - pitch-black
    - pitch-dark
    * * *
    pitch1
    n
    1. COMPUT (characters per inch) Zeichendichte f
    2. (satellite/antenna movement) Nicken nt
    pitch2
    [pɪtʃ]
    n no pl Pech nt
    pitch3
    [pɪtʃ]
    I. n
    <pl -es>
    1. BRIT, AUS (sports field) [Spiel]feld nt, Platz m; BRIT (for camping) [Zelt]platz m
    baseball/hockey \pitch Baseball-/Hockeyfeld nt
    football \pitch Fußballfeld nt, Fußballplatz m
    2. (baseball throw) Wurf m
    3. no pl (tone) Tonhöhe f; (of a voice) Stimmlage f; (of an instrument) Tonlage f; (volume) Lautstärke f
    the noise [had] reached such a \pitch that the neighbours complained der Lärm war so laut, dass sich die Nachbarn beschwerten
    perfect \pitch absolutes Gehör
    to get the \pitch right ( also fig) den richtigen Ton treffen a. fig
    4. ( fig: level)
    to be at fever \pitch (worked-up) [furchtbar] aufgeregt sein; children [völlig] aufgedreht [o ÖSTERR überdreht] sein
    5. no pl (persuasion)
    [sales] \pitch [Verkaufs]gerede nt a. pej fam, [Verkaufs]sprüche pl a. pej fam
    he gave me his usual [sales] \pitch about quality and reliability er spulte seine üblichen Sprüche über Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit ab fam
    to make a \pitch for sth/to do sth sich akk um etw akk bemühen
    the city made a \pitch to stage the competition die Stadt bemühte sich um die Austragung der Wettkämpfe
    6. esp BRIT (sales area) Platz m
    7. (slope) Schräge f, Neigung f
    low/steep \pitch flache/steile Neigung
    to have a low \pitch flach geneigt sein
    to have a steep \pitch steil [geneigt] sein
    II. vt
    ▪ to \pitch sb/sth jdn/etw werfen
    the bouncer \pitched him into the street der Türsteher warf ihn hinaus; ( fig)
    his constant criticism had \pitched him into trouble with his boss seine ständige Kritik hatte ihm Ärger mit seinem Chef eingebracht
    bad luck had \pitched him into a life of crime bedingt durch widrige Umstände, rutschte er in die Kriminalität ab
    to be \pitched [headlong] into despair in [eine] tiefe Verzweiflung gestürzt werden
    2. (set up)
    ▪ to \pitch sth etw aufstellen
    to \pitch camp das Lager aufschlagen
    to \pitch a tent ein Zelt aufbauen [o aufschlagen
    he has \pitched the last 3 innings er spielte in den letzten 3 Runden den Werfer
    to \pitch a ball einen Ball werfen
    to \pitch a curve ball den Ball anschneiden
    4. MUS
    ▪ to \pitch sth instrument etw stimmen; song etw anstimmen; note etw treffen
    the tune was \pitched [too] high/low die Melodie war [zu] hoch/tief
    5. (target)
    ▪ to \pitch sth at [or AM to] sb etw auf jdn ausrichten
    ▪ to be \pitched at sb book, film sich an jdn richten
    the film is \pitched at adults between 20 and 30 der Film richtet sich an Erwachsene [o an die Zielgruppe] zwischen zwanzig und dreißig
    to \pitch sth at [or AM to] a certain level etw auf einem bestimmten Niveau ansiedeln
    you have to \pitch the course at beginners' level der Kurs sollte auf Anfänger ausrichtet sein
    to be \pitched too high/low zu hoch/niedrig angesetzt sein
    your aspirations/expectations are \pitched too high deine Ziele/Erwartungen sind zu hochgesteckt
    7. usu passive (slope)
    to be \pitched at 30° eine Neigung von 30° haben [o aufweisen]
    \pitched roof Schrägdach nt
    ▪ to \pitch sth etw propagieren [o sl pushen]
    ▪ to \pitch sth to sb bei jdm für etw akk werben
    III. vi
    1. (move) ship stampfen fachspr; AVIAT absacken
    to \pitch headlong to the ground kopfüber zu Boden fallen
    to \pitch into a hole in ein Loch stürzen
    to \pitch forward vornüberstürzen
    the passengers \pitched forward die Passagiere wurden nach vorne geschleudert
    4. SPORT (in cricket) [auf den Boden] aufkommen
    5. (slope) sich akk [nach unten] neigen
    the footpath \pitches down to the river der Fußweg führt zum Fluss hinunter
    6. (aim)
    ▪ to \pitch for sth etw anstreben
    he's \pitching for the government to use its influence er versucht die Regierung dazu zu bewegen, ihren Einfluss geltend zu machen
    7. (attack)
    ▪ to \pitch into sb jdn angreifen
    8. (start)
    ▪ to \pitch into sth etw [entschlossen] angehen [o anpacken]
    * * *
    I [pɪtʃ]
    n
    Pech nt II
    1. n
    1) (= throw) Wurf m
    2) (NAUT) Stampfen nt
    3) (esp Brit SPORT) Platz m, Feld nt
    4) (Brit for doing one's business, in market, outside theatre etc) Stand m; (fig = usual place on beach etc) Platz m
    See:
    → queer
    5) (inf: sales pitch) (= long talk) Sermon m (inf); (= technique) Verkaufstaktik f, Masche f (inf)

    he gave us his pitch about the need to change our policy — er hielt uns (wieder einmal) einen Vortrag über die Notwendigkeit, unsere Politik zu ändern

    6) (PHON also of note) Tonhöhe f; (of instrument) Tonlage f; (of voice) Stimmlage f
    7) (= angle, slope: of roof) Schräge f, Neigung f; (of propeller) Steigung f
    8) (fig

    = degree) he roused the mob to such a pitch that... — er brachte die Massen so sehr auf, dass...

    the tension/their frustration had reached such a pitch that... — die Spannung/ihre Frustration hatte einen derartigen Grad erreicht, dass...

    matters had reached such a pitch that... — die Sache hatte sich derart zugespitzt, dass...

    at its highest pitch —

    we can't keep on working at this pitch much longer — wir können dieses Arbeitstempo nicht mehr lange durchhalten

    See:
    → fever
    9) (US inf)

    what's the pitch? — wie siehts aus?, was liegt an? (inf), was geht? (sl)

    2. vt
    1) (= throw) hay gabeln; ball werfen

    as soon as he got the job he was pitched into a departmental battle — kaum hatte er die Stelle, wurde er schon in einen Abteilungskrieg verwickelt

    2) (MUS) song anstimmen; note (= give) angeben; (= hit) treffen; instrument stimmen; (inf by DJ) pitchen
    3) (fig)

    the production must be pitched at the right level for London audiences — das Stück muss auf das Niveau des Londoner Publikums abgestimmt werden

    she pitched the plan to business leaders —

    4) (= put up) camp, tent aufschlagen; stand aufstellen
    5) (BASEBALL) ball werfen
    3. vi
    1) (= fall) fallen, stürzen

    he pitched off his horse —

    he pitched forward as the bus braked — er fiel nach vorn, als der Bus bremste

    2) (NAUT) stampfen; (AVIAT) absacken
    3) (BASEBALL) werfen
    * * *
    pitch1 [pıtʃ]
    A s
    1. MINER Pech n: → mineral pitch
    2. BOT (rohes Terpentin-)Harz
    B v/t (ver)pechen, (-)pichen:
    pitched thread Pechdraht m
    pitch2 [pıtʃ]
    A v/t
    1. ein Zelt, ein Lager, einen Verkaufsstand etc aufschlagen, -stellen, eine Leiter etc anlegen, ein Lager etc errichten:
    pitch one’s tent fig seine Zelte aufschlagen
    2. einen Pfosten etc einrammen, -schlagen, befestigen
    3. einen Speer etc werfen, schleudern:
    pitch a coin eine Münze hochwerfen (zum Losen etc)
    4. Heu etc (auf)laden, (-)gabeln
    5. MIL, HIST in Schlachtordnung aufstellen:
    a) regelrechte oder offene (Feld)Schlacht,
    b) fig knallharte Auseinandersetzung
    6. (der Höhe oder dem Wert etc nach) festsetzen, -legen:
    pitch one’s expectations too high seine Erwartungen zu hoch schrauben, zu viel erwarten;
    pitch one’s hopes too high seine Hoffnungen zu hoch stecken
    7. fig eine Rede etc abstimmen (on auf akk), (auf bestimmte Weise) ausdrücken
    8. MUS
    b) ein Lied etc (in bestimmter Tonhöhe) anstimmen oder singen oder spielen, die Tonhöhe für ein Lied etc festsetzen oder anschlagen:
    pitch the voice high hoch anstimmen oder singen;
    his voice was well pitched er hatte eine gute Stimmlage
    9. Golf: den Ball pitchen
    10. fig den Sinn etc richten (toward[s] auf akk)
    11. eine Straße (be)schottern, (mit unbehauenen Steinen) pflastern, eine Böschung (mit unbehauenen Steinen) verpacken
    12. Kartenspiel: eine Farbe durch Ausspielen zum Trumpf machen, die Trumpffarbe durch Ausspielen festlegen
    13. Ware
    a) zum Verkauf anbieten, ausstellen
    b) anpreisen
    14. umg eine Geschichte etc auftischen: → tale 3, yarn A 3
    B v/i
    1. (besonders kopfüber) (hin)stürzen, hinschlagen
    2. aufschlagen, -prallen (Ball etc)
    3. taumeln
    4. SCHIFF stampfen (Schiff)
    5. werfen
    6. Golf: pitchen, einen Pitch schlagen oder spielen
    7. sich neigen (Dach etc)
    8. a) ein Zelt oder Lager aufschlagen, (sich) lagern
    b) einen (Verkaufs)Stand aufschlagen
    9. (on, upon) sich entscheiden (für), verfallen (auf akk)
    10. pitch in umg
    a) sich (tüchtig) ins Zeug legen, loslegen, sich ranmachen,
    b) tüchtig zulangen (essen),
    c) einspringen, aushelfen ( beide:
    with mit),
    d) mit anpacken ( with bei)
    11. pitch into umg
    a) losgehen auf jemanden, herfallen über das Essen,
    b) sich (mit Schwung) an die Arbeit machen
    12. umg
    a) SPORT allg spielen
    b) fig kämpfen
    C s
    1. Wurf m ( auch SPORT):
    what’s the pitch? US sl was ist los?;
    I get the pitch US sl ich kapiere
    2. SCHIFF Stampfen n
    3. Neigung f, Gefälle n (eines Daches etc)
    4. Höhe f
    5. MUS Tonhöhe f:
    pitch level Ton- oder Stimmlage f;
    pitch name absoluter Notenname;
    pitch number Schwingungszahl f (eines Tones)
    6. MUS
    a) (tatsächliche, absolute) Stimmung (eines Instruments)
    b) richtige Tonhöhe (in der Ausführung):
    above (below) pitch zu hoch (tief);
    sing true to pitch tonrein singen
    7. MUS Normalton(höhe) m(f), Kammerton m: → concert A 1 a
    8. auch sense of pitch MUS Tonbewusstsein n:
    have absolute ( oder perfect) pitch das absolute Gehör haben
    9. Grad m, Stufe f, Höhe f (auch fig):
    pitch of an arch Bogenhöhe;
    fly a high pitch hoch fliegen
    10. fig äußerster (höchster oder tiefster) Punkt, höchster Grad, Gipfel m:
    to the highest pitch aufs Äußerste
    11. besonders Br
    a) Stand m (eines Straßenhändlers etc)
    b) (Stand)Platz m:
    queer sb’s pitch umg jemandem die Tour vermasseln, jemandem einen Strich durch die Rechnung machen
    12. WIRTSCH Br (Waren)Angebot n
    13. sl
    a) Anpreisung f
    b) Verkaufsgespräch n
    c) Werbeanzeige f
    14. sl Platte f, Masche f (beide pej)
    15. SPORT Spielfeld n:
    pitch inspection Platzbesichtigung f
    16. Golf: Pitch(-Shot) m (kurzer Annäherungsschlag zur Fahne)
    17. TECH
    a) Teilung f (eines Gewindes, Zahnrads etc)
    b) FLUG (Blatt)Steigung f (einer Luftschraube)
    c) Schränkung f (einer Säge)
    18. a) Lochabstand m (beim Film)
    b) Rillenabstand m (der Schallplatte)
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (Brit.): (usual place) [Stand]platz, der; (stand) Stand, der; (Sport): (playing area) Feld, das; Platz, der
    2) (Mus.) Tonhöhe, die; (of voice) Stimmlage, die; (of instrument) Tonlage, die
    3) (slope) Neigung, die
    4) (fig.): (degree, intensity)

    reach such a pitch that... — sich so zuspitzen, dass...

    2. transitive verb
    1) (erect) aufschlagen [Zelt]

    pitch camp — ein/das Lager aufschlagen

    2) (throw) werfen
    3) (Mus.) anstimmen [Melodie]; stimmen [Instrument]
    4) (fig.)
    5)

    pitched battle — offene [Feld]schlacht

    3. intransitive verb
    (fall) [kopfüber] stürzen; [Schiff, Fahrzeug, Flugzeug:] mit einem Ruck nach vorn kippen; (repeatedly) [Schiff:] stampfen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    II noun
    (substance) Pech, das
    * * *
    (sound) n.
    Tonhöhe -n f.
    Tonlage -n f. n.
    Abstand -¨e m.
    Harz -- n.
    Pech nur sing. n.
    Stufe -n f. v.
    errichten v.
    festsetzen v.
    werfen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: warf, geworfen)

    English-german dictionary > pitch

  • 10 total

    1. adjective
    1) (comprising the whole) gesamt; Gesamt[gewicht, -wert, -bevölkerung usw.]

    a total increase of £100 — eine Steigerung von insgesamt 100 Pfund

    2) (absolute) völlig nicht präd.
    2. noun
    (number) Gesamtzahl, die; (amount) Gesamtbetrag, der; (result of addition) Summe, die

    a total of 200/£200 — etc. insgesamt 200/200 Pfund usw.

    3. transitive verb,
    (Brit.) - ll-
    1) (add up) addieren, zusammenzählen [Zahlen, Posten, Beträge]
    2) (amount to) [insgesamt] betragen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/113236/total_up">total up
    * * *
    ['təutəl] 1. adjective
    (whole; complete: What is the total cost of the holiday?; The car was a total wreck.) Gesamt-..., völlig
    2. noun
    (the whole amount, ie of various sums added together: The total came to / was $10.) die Gesamtsumme
    3. verb
    (to add up or amount to: The doctor's fees totalled $200.) sich belaufen auf
    - totally
    - total up
    * * *
    to·tal
    [ˈtəʊtəl, AM ˈtoʊt̬əl]
    I. n Gesamtsumme f
    a \total of 21 horses was [or were] entered for the race im Ganzen wurden 21 Pferde zum Rennen zugelassen
    \total of an amount Gesamtsumme f
    in \total insgesamt
    II. adj
    1. attr, inv (complete) gesamt
    \total cost Gesamtkosten pl
    \total income Gesamteinnahmen pl
    2. (absolute) völlig
    the cargo was written off as a \total loss die Fracht wurde als Totalverlust abgeschrieben
    to be a \total disaster die reinste Katastrophe sein
    to be a \total stranger vollkommen fremd sein
    III. vt
    < BRIT - ll- or AM usu -l->
    1. (add up)
    ▪ to \total sth etw zusammenrechnen [o addieren]
    their debts \total £8,000 ihre Schulden belaufen sich auf 8.000 Pfund
    2. AM ( fam)
    to \total a car einen Wagen zu Schrott [o SCHWEIZ meist schrottreif] fahren
    * * *
    ['təʊtl]
    1. adj
    (= complete) völlig, absolut; (= comprising the whole) Gesamt-; war, eclipse total; disaster absolut, total

    total sum/amount — Gesamtsumme f

    what is the total number of rooms you have? —

    a total population of 650,000 — eine Gesamtbevölkerung von 650.000

    the total effect of all this worry was... — im Endeffekt haben seine Sorgen bewirkt, dass...

    a total stranger —

    the silence was total — es herrschte völlige or vollkommene or totale Stille

    my bewilderment was total — meine Verwirrung war vollkommen or komplett

    2. n
    Gesamtmenge f; (= money, figures) Endsumme f

    this brings the total to £100 — das bringt die Gesamtsumme auf £ 100

    See:
    → grand, sum
    3. vt
    1) (= amount to) sich belaufen auf (+acc)

    prizes totalling £3000 — Preise im Gesamtwert von £ 3000

    2) (= add also total up) zusammenzählen, zusammenrechnen
    3) (US inf = wreck) car zu Schrott fahren
    * * *
    total [ˈtəʊtl]
    A adj (adv totally)
    1. ganz, gesamt, Gesamt…:
    total amount → B 1;
    the total population die Gesamtbevölkerung; → sale 3
    2. total, gänzlich, völlig:
    total eclipse ASTRON totale Finsternis;
    total failure völliger Fehlschlag;
    total loss Totalverlust m;
    she totally agreed with me sie stimmte völlig mit mir überein; → recall B 4
    B s
    1. (Gesamt)Summe f, Gesamt-, Endbetrag m, Gesamtmenge f:
    a total of 20 bags insgesamt 20 Beutel
    2. (das) Ganze
    C v/t prät und pperf -taled, besonders Br -talled
    1. zusammenzählen, -rechnen
    2. sich belaufen auf (akk), insgesamt betragen oder sein:
    total(l)ing 10 dollars im Gesamtbetrag von 10 Dollar
    3. US umg ein Auto etc zu Schrott fahren
    D v/i sich belaufen (to auf akk)
    tot. abk total
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (comprising the whole) gesamt; Gesamt[gewicht, -wert, -bevölkerung usw.]

    a total increase of £100 — eine Steigerung von insgesamt 100 Pfund

    2) (absolute) völlig nicht präd.
    2. noun
    (number) Gesamtzahl, die; (amount) Gesamtbetrag, der; (result of addition) Summe, die

    a total of 200/£200 — etc. insgesamt 200/200 Pfund usw.

    3. transitive verb,
    (Brit.) - ll-
    1) (add up) addieren, zusammenzählen [Zahlen, Posten, Beträge]
    2) (amount to) [insgesamt] betragen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    Gesamt- präfix.
    ganz adj.
    gesamt adj.
    gesamter adj.
    vollständig adj.
    völlig adj. n.
    Gesamtbetrag m.

    English-german dictionary > total

  • 11 dead

    1. adjective
    1) tot

    [as] dead as a doornail/as mutton — mausetot (ugs.)

    I wouldn't be seen dead in a place like that — (coll.) keine zehn Pferde würden mich an solch einen Ort bringen (ugs.)

    2) tot [Materie]; erloschen [Vulkan, Gefühl, Interesse]; verbraucht, leer [Batterie]; tot [Telefon, Leitung, Saison, Kapital, Ball, Sprache]

    the phone has gone dead — die Leitung ist tot

    3) (expr. completeness) plötzlich [Halt]; völlig [Stillstand]; genau [Mitte]

    dead silence or quiet — Totenstille, die

    dead calm — Flaute, die

    dead faint — [totenähnliche] Ohnmacht

    4) (benumbed) taub
    5) (exhausted) erschöpft; kaputt (ugs.)
    2. adverb
    1) (completely) völlig

    dead easy or simple/slow — kinderleicht/ganz langsam

    ‘dead slow’ — "besonders langsam fahren"

    2) (exactly)

    dead on two [o'clock] — Punkt zwei [Uhr]

    3. noun
    1)

    in the dead of winter/night — mitten im Winter/in der Nacht

    2) pl. the dead: die Toten Pl.
    * * *
    [ded] 1. adjective
    1) (without life; not living: a dead body; Throw out those dead flowers.) tot
    2) (not working and not giving any sign of being about to work: The phone/engine is dead.) tot
    3) (absolute or complete: There was dead silence at his words; He came to a dead stop.) völlig
    2. adverb
    (completely: dead drunk.) völlig
    - academic.ru/18635/deaden">deaden
    - deadly 3. adverb
    (extremely: deadly dull; deadly serious.) tod-...
    - dead end
    - dead-end
    - dead heat
    - dead language
    - deadline
    - deadlock
    * * *
    [ded]
    I. adj
    1. inv (not alive) tot; plant abgestorben, tot
    she's been \dead for three years sie ist [schon] drei Jahre tot
    to be \dead on arrival beim Eintreffen ins Krankenhaus bereits tot sein
    \dead body Leiche f
    to drop \dead tot umfallen
    to shoot sb \dead jdn erschießen
    to be shot \dead erschossen werden
    2. inv (obsolete, not active) custom ausgestorben; feelings erloschen; (gone out) fire erloschen, aus fam; railway line stillgelegt
    acid rain has become a \dead issue über sauren Regen spricht heute keiner mehr
    my cigarette is \dead meine Zigarette ist ausgegangen; (no longer in use)
    are these tins \dead? brauchst du diese Dosen noch?
    \dead language tote Sprache
    \dead volcano erloschener Vulkan
    3. inv (numb) limbs taub
    my legs have gone \dead meine Beine sind eingeschlafen
    4. inv (with no emotion) voice kalt; (flat) sound dumpf
    5. inv (not bright) colour matt, stumpf
    6. (boring, deserted) city tot, [wie] ausgestorben präd; party öde; season tot
    \dead performance glanzlose Vorführung
    7. inv FIN unproduktiv, ertraglos
    \dead capital totes Kapital
    8. ( fig fam: exhausted) tot fam, kaputt fam, erledigt fam
    to be \dead on one's feet zum Umfallen müde sein
    9. inv (not functioning) phone, radio, TV tot
    and then the phone went \dead und dann war die Leitung tot
    the phone has gone \dead die Leitung ist tot
    the line went \dead die Leitung brach zusammen
    10. inv ( fig: used up) verbraucht; battery leer; match erloschen
    11. attr, inv (totally) völlig, total, absolut
    that remark was a \dead giveaway diese Bemerkung sagte alles
    wow, \dead centre! hui, genau in die Mitte!
    \dead calm METEO Windstille f
    to be in a \dead faint in eine tiefe Ohnmacht gefallen sein
    \dead silence Totenstille f
    we sat in \dead silence keiner von uns sagte auch nur ein Wort
    to come to a \dead stop zum völligen Stillstand kommen
    12. inv (fast asleep)
    ▪ to be \dead tief und fest schlafen
    to be \dead to the world fest eingeschlafen [o fam total weg] sein
    \dead ball toter Ball (Ball, der ohne Bewertung ins Aus geht)
    14.
    ▶ over my \dead body nur über meine Leiche fam
    ▶ to be \dead and buried tot und begraben sein
    ▶ to catch [or get] [or have] sb \dead to rights jdn auf frischer Tat ertappen
    ▶ to be [as] \dead as a doornail [or ( dated) dodo] mausetot sein fam
    ▶ to be a \dead duck thing eine Schnapsidee sein; person eine Null sein fam
    ▶ you'll be \dead meat if you ever do that again ich kill dich, wenn du das noch einmal machst! sl
    ▶ \dead men tell no tales ( prov) Tote reden nicht
    ▶ to be \dead from the neck strohdoof [o SCHWEIZ strohdumm] sein fam
    ▶ to be a \dead ringer for sb ein Doppelgänger von jdm sein, für jdn durchgehen können
    ▶ I wouldn't be seen \dead in that dress so ein Kleid würde ich nie im Leben anziehen
    ▶ I wouldn't be seen \dead in that pub in diese Kneipe [o ÖSTERR dieses Beisl] [o SCHWEIZ diese Beiz] würden mich keine zehn Pferde bringen
    II. adv
    1. inv ( fam: totally) absolut, total, völlig
    I'm \dead beat ich bin todmüde
    your analysis is \dead on target deine Analyse trifft genau ins Schwarze
    you're \dead right du hast vollkommen [o absolut] Recht!
    “\dead slow” „Schritt fahren“
    \dead certain todsicher fam
    \dead drunk stockbetrunken
    \dead easy esp BRIT kinderleicht
    \dead good BRIT ( fam) super fam
    to have been \dead lucky Schwein gehabt haben sl
    to be \dead set against sth absolut gegen etw akk sein
    to be \dead set on sth etw felsenfest vorhaben
    \dead silent totenstill
    \dead still regungslos
    \dead tired todmüde
    2. inv (exactly) genau
    the town hall is \dead ahead die Stadthalle liegt direkt da vorne
    to be \dead in the centre genau in der Mitte sein
    \dead on five o'clock Punkt fünf
    \dead on target genau im Ziel
    \dead on time auf die Minute genau
    to be \dead on time pünktlich wie die Maurer sein BRD, ÖSTERR fam
    3.
    ▶ to stop \dead in one's tracks auf der Stelle stehen bleiben
    ▶ to stop sth \dead in its tracks etw völlig zum Stillstand bringen
    his political career was stopped \dead in its tracks seine politische Karriere fand ein jähes Ende
    ▶ \dead straight:
    are you coming to the party? — \dead straight I am gehst du auf die Party? — darauf kannst du wetten! fam
    ▶ to tell sb sth \dead straight jdm unverblümt die Wahrheit sagen
    III. n
    1. (people)
    ▪ the \dead pl die Toten pl; ( fig)
    you're making enough noise to wake the \dead! bei dem Lärm kann man ja Tote aufwecken!
    let the \dead bury the \dead lasst die Toten die Toten begraben
    to come back from the \dead (come back to life) aus dem Jenseits zurückkommen, von den Toten zurückkehren
    to show [some] respect for the \dead den Toten Respekt zollen [o erweisen
    2.
    to rise from the \dead (recover from an illness) [von den Toten] auferstehen, wieder auferstehen iron; SPORT sich akk fangen
    3. (right in the middle)
    in the \dead of night mitten in der Nacht
    in the \dead of winter im tiefsten Winter
    * * *
    [ded]
    1. adj
    1) tot; plant abgestorben, tot

    he has been dead for two years — er ist seit zwei Jahren tot

    to drop ( down) or fall down dead — tot umfallen

    you're dead meat ( if you come back here) (inf) — du bist ein toter Mann(, wenn du noch mal hierhin zurückkommst) (inf)

    2) (= not sensitive) limbs abgestorben, taub
    3) (= without activity etc) town, season tot; business flau
    4) (ELEC) cable stromlos; (TELEC) tot
    5) (= burned out) fire aus pred; match abgebrannt
    6) (inf: finished with) (TYP) copy abgesetzt

    are these glasses/bottles dead? — können diese Gläser/Flaschen weg?

    7) (SPORT) ball tot
    8) (= obsolete) language etc tot; custom ausgestorben

    to be dead and buried, to be dead in the water — tot und begraben sein

    9) (= absolute, exact) total, völlig
    See:
    → cert, set
    10) colour tot, stumpf, matt; sound dumpf
    11) (TYP)
    12) (inf: exhausted) tot (inf), völlig kaputt (inf)
    2. adv
    1) (= exactly) genau

    to be dead on time — auf die Minute pünktlich kommen; (clock) auf die Minute genau gehen

    2) (Brit inf = very) total (inf), völlig

    dead drunk — total betrunken, stockvoll (inf)

    he was dead lucky — er hat Schwein gehabt (inf), er hat irrsinnig Glück gehabt

    "dead slow" — "Schritt fahren"

    3)

    to stop dead — abrupt stehen bleiben or (talking) innehalten

    3. n
    1)

    the dead pl — die Toten pl

    2)

    in the or at dead of night —

    * * *
    dead [ded]
    A adj (adv → deadly B)
    1. tot, gestorben:
    dead and gone tot und begraben (a. fig);
    be dead to the world umg hinüber sein:
    a) eingeschlafen sein
    b) das Bewusstsein verloren haben
    c) sinnlos betrunken sein;
    play dead sich tot stellen;
    a) gehirnamputiert sein pej,
    b) keinerlei geistige Interessen haben;
    dead man’s handle BAHN Sicherheitsfahrschaltungstaster m, SIFA-Taster m;
    wait for a dead man’s shoes
    a) auf eine Erbschaft warten,
    b) warten, bis jemand stirbt, damit man in seine Position nachrücken kann;
    he is dead of pneumonia er ist an Lungenentzündung gestorben;
    he is a dead man fig er ist ein Kind des Todes, er ist ein toter Mann;
    dead men tell no tales Tote reden nicht; → body A 2, shoot B 2 c, etc
    2. tot, leblos:
    dead matter tote Materie ( → A 23)
    3. totenähnlich, tief (Schlaf):
    be in a dead faint in tiefer Ohnmacht liegen
    4. umg restlos fertig, todmüde, zu Tode erschöpft
    5. unzugänglich, unempfänglich ( beide:
    to für):
    be dead to pity keinerlei Mitleid haben
    6. taub ( to advice gegen Ratschläge)
    7. gefühllos, abgestorben, erstarrt (Finger etc):
    go dead (jemandem) einschlafen ( → A 11)
    8. fig gefühllos, gleichgültig, abgestumpft ( alle:
    to gegen)
    9. tot, ausgestorben:
    dead language tote Sprache
    10. überlebt, veraltet (Sitten etc)
    11. erloschen (Feuer, Vulkan, Leidenschaft etc):
    go dead ausgehen (Zigarette etc)( → A 7)
    12. tot, geistlos
    13. unfruchtbar, tot, leer, öde (Gegend etc)
    14. tot, still, stehend: → dead water
    15. JUR
    a) ungültig (Abmachung etc)
    b) bürgerlich tot
    16. langweilig, öd(e) (Party etc)
    17. tot, nichtssagend, farb-, ausdruckslos
    18. besonders WIRTSCH still, ruhig, flau (Saison etc):
    dead market flauer Markt
    19. WIRTSCH tot (auch allg Wissen etc), gewinn-, umsatzlos:
    dead assets pl unproduktive (Kapital)Anlage;
    dead capital (stock) totes Kapital (Inventar)
    20. TECH
    a) außer Betrieb, tot:
    dead track totes Gleis
    b) defekt (Ventil etc):
    dead engine ausgefallener oder abgestorbener Motor
    c) leer (Batterie)
    21. TECH tot, starr, fest (Achse)
    22. ELEK strom-, spannungslos, tot
    23. TYPO abgelegt:
    dead matter Ablegesatz m ( → A 2)
    24. besonders ARCH blind, Blend…:
    dead floor Blend-, Blindboden m;
    dead window totes Fenster
    25. Sack… (ohne Ausgang):
    dead street Sackgasse f
    26. dumpf, klanglos, tot (Ton)
    27. matt (Augen, Farben etc):
    dead gilding matte Vergoldung
    28. schal, abgestanden (Getränk)
    29. verwelkt, dürr, abgestorben (Blumen etc)
    30. (akustisch) tot:
    dead room toter oder schalldichter Raum
    31. völlig, absolut, restlos, total:
    dead certainty absolute Gewissheit;
    dead silence Totenstille f;
    dead stop völliger Stillstand;
    come to a dead stop schlagartig stehen bleiben oder aufhören; → calm A 2, cert, earnest1 B, loss 1, ringer2 4
    32. todsicher umg, unfehlbar (Schütze etc)
    33. äußerst(er, e, es) (Anstrengung etc):
    a dead push ein verzweifelter, aber vergeblicher Stoß
    34. SPORT tot, nicht im Spiel (Ball)
    B s
    1. stillste Zeit:
    in the dead of night mitten in der Nacht;
    the dead of winter der tiefste Winter
    2. the dead koll die Toten pl:
    rise from the dead von den Toten auferstehen;
    the dead and the living die Lebenden und die Toten
    C adv
    1. umg restlos, absolut, völlig, gänzlich, total:
    the facts are dead against him alles spricht gegen ihn;
    be dead asleep im tiefsten Schlaf liegen;
    dead beat umg wie erschlagen, fix und fertig;
    dead black tiefschwarz;
    dead drunk sinnlos betrunken;
    be dead right hundertprozentig recht haben;
    “dead slow” AUTO „Schritt fahren!“;
    dead straight schnurgerade;
    dead tired todmüde
    2. plötzlich, abrupt:
    stop dead (in one’s tracks) abrupt stehen bleiben oder aufhören
    3. genau, direkt:
    dead against genau gegenüber von (od dat);
    be dead (set) against ganz und gar gegen etwas (eingestellt) sein;
    be dead set on ganz scharf sein auf (akk) umg
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) tot

    [as] dead as a doornail/as mutton — mausetot (ugs.)

    I wouldn't be seen dead in a place like that — (coll.) keine zehn Pferde würden mich an solch einen Ort bringen (ugs.)

    2) tot [Materie]; erloschen [Vulkan, Gefühl, Interesse]; verbraucht, leer [Batterie]; tot [Telefon, Leitung, Saison, Kapital, Ball, Sprache]
    3) (expr. completeness) plötzlich [Halt]; völlig [Stillstand]; genau [Mitte]

    dead silence or quiet — Totenstille, die

    dead calm — Flaute, die

    dead faint — [totenähnliche] Ohnmacht

    4) (benumbed) taub
    5) (exhausted) erschöpft; kaputt (ugs.)
    2. adverb
    1) (completely) völlig

    dead easy or simple/slow — kinderleicht/ganz langsam

    ‘dead slow’ — "besonders langsam fahren"

    dead on two [o'clock] — Punkt zwei [Uhr]

    3. noun
    1)

    in the dead of winter/night — mitten im Winter/in der Nacht

    2) pl. the dead: die Toten Pl.
    * * *
    adj.
    abgestorben adj.
    außer Betrieb ausdr.
    stromlos adj.
    tot adj.
    öd adj.

    English-german dictionary > dead

  • 12 simple

    adjective
    1) (not compound, not complicated) einfach; (not elaborate) schlicht [Mobiliar, Schönheit, Kunstwerk, Kleidung]
    2) (unqualified, absolute) einfach; simpel

    it was a simple misunderstanding — es war [ganz] einfach ein Missverständnis

    it is a simple fact that... — es ist [ganz] einfach eine Tatsache od. eine simple Tatsache, dass...

    3) (easy) einfach

    it's [not] as simple as that — so einfach ist das [nicht]

    4) (unsophisticated) schlicht; (foolish) dumm; einfältig
    * * *
    ['simpl]
    1) (not difficult; easy: a simple task.) einfach
    2) (not complicated or involved: The matter is not as simple as you think.) einfach
    3) (not fancy or unusual; plain: a simple dress/design; He leads a very simple life.) schlicht
    4) (pure; mere: the simple truth.) rein
    5) (trusting and easily cheated: She is too simple to see through his lies.) naiv
    6) (weak in the mind; not very intelligent: I'm afraid he's a bit simple, but he's good with animals.) einfältig
    •
    - academic.ru/67357/simpleton">simpleton
    - simplicity
    - simplification
    - simplified
    - simplify
    - simply
    - simple-minded
    - simple-mindedness
    * * *
    sim·ple
    <-r, -st or more \simple, most \simple>
    [ˈsɪmpl̩]
    1. (not elaborate) food, dress einfach, simpel pej
    I want an explanation, but keep it \simple ich möchte eine einfache Erklärung
    2. (not difficult) einfach
    it's not as \simple as that das ist nicht ganz so einfach
    in \simple English in einfachem Englisch
    3. attr (not complex) einfach
    a \simple life form eine schlichte Lebensform
    4. attr, inv (honest) schlicht
    that's the truth, pure and \simple das ist die reine Wahrheit
    the \simple fact is that... Tatsache ist, dass...
    for the \simple reason that... aus dem schlichten [o einfachen] Grund, dass...
    5. ( approv: ordinary) einfach
    he was just a \simple fisherman er war nur ein einfacher Fischer
    the \simple things in life die einfachen Dinge im Leben
    6. (foolish) naiv
    * * *
    ['sɪmpl]
    adj (+er)
    1) (= uncomplicated, easy) einfach

    "chemistry made simple" — "Chemie leicht gemacht"

    2) (= plain, not elaborate) einfach; decor, dress schlicht, einfach

    in simple terms —

    in simple language — in einfacher Sprache

    the simple fact or truth is... — es ist einfach so, dass...

    the simple fact that... —

    for the simple reason that... — aus dem einfachen or schlichten Grund, dass...

    it's a simple matter of finding adequate finance — es geht ganz einfach darum, angemessene finanzielle Mittel zu finden

    3) (= unsophisticated, unworldly) einfach, schlicht

    I'm a simple soul — ich bin ein einfacher Mensch

    she likes the simple life —

    4) (= foolish, mentally deficient) einfältig
    5) (CHEM, MED, MATH, LING) einfach; (BIOL, BOT) life form primitiv, einfach
    * * *
    simple [ˈsımpl]
    A adj (adv → simply)
    1. einfach, simpel (Aufgabe, Erklärung etc):
    it was as simple as that so einfach war das
    2. einfach, schlicht (Leben, Person etc):
    simple diet einfache Kost
    3. einfach, schlicht:
    a) schmucklos, kunstlos
    b) ungekünstelt (Stil etc):
    simple beauty schlichte Schönheit
    4. einfach, niedrig:
    5. rein, unverfälscht:
    6. simpel:
    a) einfältig, töricht
    b) unbedarft, ungebildet
    c) naiv, leichtgläubig
    7. einfach, unkompliziert (Design etc);
    simple fracture MED einfacher oder glatter (Knochen)Bruch
    8. einfach (Diebstahl, Gleichung etc):
    simple fraction MATH einfacher oder gemeiner Bruch;
    simple majority PARL einfache Mehrheit;
    the simple forms of life BIOL die einfachen oder niederen Lebensformen;
    simple tense LING einfache Zeit(form)
    9. gering(fügig), unbedeutend
    10. glatt, rein (Wahnsinn etc)
    11. MUS allg einfach (Ton etc)
    B s obs
    1. → simpleton
    2. PHARM Heilkraut n, -pflanze f
    * * *
    adjective
    1) (not compound, not complicated) einfach; (not elaborate) schlicht [Mobiliar, Schönheit, Kunstwerk, Kleidung]
    2) (unqualified, absolute) einfach; simpel

    it was a simple misunderstanding — es war [ganz] einfach ein Missverständnis

    it is a simple fact that... — es ist [ganz] einfach eine Tatsache od. eine simple Tatsache, dass...

    3) (easy) einfach

    it's [not] as simple as that — so einfach ist das [nicht]

    4) (unsophisticated) schlicht; (foolish) dumm; einfältig
    * * *
    adj.
    einfach adj.
    einfältig adj.

    English-german dictionary > simple

  • 13 sheer

    adjective
    1) attrib. (mere, absolute) rein; blank [Unsinn, Gewalt]

    the sheer insolence of it! — so eine Frechheit!

    only by sheer hard work — nur durch harte Arbeit

    2) (perpendicular) schroff [Felsen, Abfall]; steil [Felsen, Abfall, Aufstieg]
    3) (finely woven) hauchfein
    * * *
    I 1. [ʃiə] adjective
    1) (absolute: Her singing was a sheer delight; It all happened by sheer chance.) rein
    2) (very steep: a sheer drop to the sea.) hauchdünn
    3) ((of cloth) very thin: sheer silk.) senkrecht
    2. adverb
    (verticaly: The land rises sheer out of the sea.) ausscheren
    II [ʃiə]
    - academic.ru/118404/sheer_off_away">sheer off/away
    * * *
    sheer1
    [ʃɪəʳ, AM ʃɪr]
    I. adj
    1. (utter) bloß, pur, rein, schier
    the \sheer size of the thing takes your breath away schon allein die Größe von dem Ding ist atemberaubend
    \sheer accident purer Zufall
    \sheer blather reines Gewäsch
    \sheer bliss eine wahre Wonne
    \sheer boredom schiere [o pure] Langeweile
    \sheer coincidence reiner [o purer] Zufall
    \sheer despair blanke [o schiere] Verzweiflung
    \sheer drudgery reine Schinderei
    \sheer lunacy purer Wahnsinn
    \sheer misery blankes Elend
    \sheer nonsense [or rubbish] blanker Unsinn
    \sheer willpower pure Willenskraft
    2. (vertical) steil
    \sheer cliff steile Klippe
    \sheer drop steiles Gefälle
    3. (thin) material hauchdünn; (diaphanous) durchscheinend
    II. adv inv ( liter) steil, jäh
    sheer2
    [ʃɪəʳ, AM ʃɪr]
    vi
    ▪ to \sheer off [or away]
    1. NAUT abscheren, abgieren
    2. (avoid) ausweichen
    to \sheer away from an unpleasant topic einem unangenehmen Thema aus dem Weg gehen
    * * *
    [ʃɪə(r)]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= absolute) rein; nonsense, madness rein, glatt; stupidity rein, schier

    by sheer force of personality — aufgrund or auf Grund seiner Persönlichkeit

    by sheer hard work —

    the sheer impossibility of doing that — die schiere Unmöglichkeit, das zu tun

    it was sheer hell — es war die (reinste) Hölle (inf)

    2) (= steep) cliff, drop steil, jäh (geh)
    3) cloth etc (hauch)dünn, (hauch)zart
    2. adv
    steil, jäh (geh); (= vertically) senkrecht
    3. vi (NAUT)
    ausscheren
    * * *
    sheer1 [ʃıə(r)]
    A adj
    1. bloß, rein, pur, nichts als:
    by sheer force durch bloße oder nackte Gewalt;
    he won by sheer luck er gewann nur durch Glück;
    sheer nonsense reiner oder barer Unsinn;
    for sheer pleasure nur so zum Vergnügen
    2. völlig, rein, glatt (Unmöglichkeit etc)
    3. hauchdünn (Textilien)
    4. steil, jäh
    5. rein, unvermischt, pur
    B adv
    1. völlig, ganz, gänzlich
    2. senkrecht, steil
    sheer2 [ʃıə(r)]
    A s SCHIFF
    a) Ausscheren n
    b) Sprung m (Deckerhöhung):
    sheer hulk Hulk f/m (abgetakeltes Schiff) mit Mastkran;
    sheer plan Längsriss m
    B v/i
    1. SCHIFF abscheren, (ab)gieren (Schiff)
    a) abweichen, abgehen (von),
    b) sich losmachen (von)
    C v/t SCHIFF abdrängen
    * * *
    adjective
    1) attrib. (mere, absolute) rein; blank [Unsinn, Gewalt]
    2) (perpendicular) schroff [Felsen, Abfall]; steil [Felsen, Abfall, Aufstieg]
    3) (finely woven) hauchfein
    * * *
    adj.
    rein adj.

    English-german dictionary > sheer

  • 14 unqualified

    adjective
    1) (lacking qualifications) unqualifiziert; [Arzt] ohne Abschluss

    be unqualified to do something — nicht dafür qualifiziert sein, etwas zu tun

    2) (absolute) uneingeschränkt [Zustimmung]; rein [Freude, Vergnügen]; voll [Erfolg]
    * * *
    1) (not having the necessary qualifications (eg for a job): unqualified teachers/nurses; He is unqualified for the job.) ungeeignet
    2) (complete; without limits: He deserves our unqualified praise.) uneingeschränkt
    * * *
    un·quali·fied
    [ʌnˈkwɒlɪfaɪd, AM -ˈkwɑ:lə-]
    1. (without appropriate qualifications) unqualifiziert
    I'm \unqualified to give an opinion on that subject mir fehlt die Kompetenz, Stellung zu diesem Thema zu nehmen
    ▪ to be \unqualified for sth für etw akk nicht qualifiziert sein
    2. (unreserved) uneingeschränkt
    \unqualified denial strikte Ablehnung
    an \unqualified disaster eine Katastrophe grenzenlosen Ausmaßes
    \unqualified endorsement uneingeschränktes Indossament
    \unqualified love grenzenlose Liebe
    \unqualified success voller Erfolg
    \unqualified support rückhaltlose Unterstützung
    * * *
    [ʌn'kwɒlIfaɪd]
    adj

    he is unqualified to do it — er ist dafür nicht qualifiziert

    2) (= absolute) delight, praise, acceptance uneingeschränkt; denial vollständig; success voll(ständig); (inf) idiot, liar ausgesprochen

    the party was an unqualified disaster — die Party war eine absolute Katastrophe

    an unqualified yes/no — ein uneingeschränktes Ja/Nein

    3) (GRAM) nicht bestimmt
    * * *
    unqualified adj (adv unqualifiedly)
    1. unqualifiziert:
    a) ungeeignet, unbefähigt ( beide:
    for für)
    b) unberechtigt (Angriff etc)
    2. uneingeschränkt, unbedingt:
    unqualified acceptance WIRTSCH uneingeschränktes Akzept (eines Wechsels), bedingungslose Annahme
    3. ausgesprochen (Lügner etc)
    * * *
    adjective
    1) (lacking qualifications) unqualifiziert; [Arzt] ohne Abschluss

    be unqualified to do something — nicht dafür qualifiziert sein, etwas zu tun

    2) (absolute) uneingeschränkt [Zustimmung]; rein [Freude, Vergnügen]; voll [Erfolg]
    * * *
    adj.
    unqualifiziert adj.

    English-german dictionary > unqualified

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 control

    1. noun
    1) (power of directing, restraint) Kontrolle, die (of über + Akk.); (management) Leitung, die

    governmental control — Regierungsgewalt, die

    have control of something — die Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben; (take decisions) für etwas zuständig sein

    take control of — die Kontrolle übernehmen über (+ Akk.)

    be in control [of something] — die Kontrolle [über etwas (Akk.)] haben

    [go or get] out of control — außer Kontrolle [geraten]

    [get something] under control — [etwas] unter Kontrolle [bringen]

    lose/regain control of oneself — die Beherrschung verlieren/wiedergewinnen

    have some/complete/no control over something — eine gewisse/die absolute/keine Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben

    2) (device) Regler, der

    controls — (as a group) Schalttafel, die; (of TV, stereo system) Bedienungstafel, die

    be at the controls — [Fahrer, Pilot:] am Steuer sitzen

    2. transitive verb,
    - ll-
    1) (have control of) kontrollieren; steuern, lenken [Auto]

    he controls the financial side of things — er ist für die Finanzen zuständig

    controlling interest — (Commerc.) Mehrheitsbeteiligung, die

    2) (hold in check) beherrschen; zügeln [Zorn, Ungeduld, Temperament]; (regulate) kontrollieren; regulieren [Geschwindigkeit, Temperatur]; einschränken [Export, Ausgaben]; regeln [Verkehr]
    * * *
    [kən'trəul] 1. noun
    1) (the right of directing or of giving orders; power or authority: She has control over all the decisions in that department; She has no control over that dog.) die Kontrolle
    2) (the act of holding back or restraining: control of prices; I know you're angry but you must not lose control (of yourself).) die Kontrolle
    3) ((often in plural) a lever, button etc which operates (a machine etc): The clutch and accelerator are foot controls in a car.) die Regulierung
    4) (a point or place at which an inspection takes place: passport control.) die Kontrolle
    2. verb
    1) (to direct or guide; to have power or authority over: The captain controls the whole ship; Control your dog!) beherrschen
    2) (to hold back; to restrain (oneself or one's emotions etc): Control yourself!) beherrschen
    3) (to keep to a fixed standard: The government is controlling prices.) kontrollieren
    •
    - academic.ru/15792/controller">controller
    - control-tower
    - in control of
    - in control
    - out of control
    - under control
    * * *
    con·trol
    [kənˈtrəʊl, AM -ˈtroʊl]
    I. n
    1. no pl (command) Kontrolle f; of a country, of a people Gewalt f, Macht f, Herrschaft f; of a company Leitung, f
    he's got no \control over that child of his er hat sein Kind überhaupt nicht im Griff
    the junta took \control of the country die Junta hat die Gewalt über das Land übernommen
    to be in \control of sth etw unter Kontrolle haben; a territory etw in seiner Gewalt haben
    he's firmly in \control of the company er hält in der Firma die Fäden fest in der Hand
    to be in full \control of sth völlig die Kontrolle über etw akk haben
    we're in full \control of the situation wir sind vollkommen Herr der Lage
    to be out of [or beyond] \control außer Kontrolle sein
    to be under \control unter Kontrolle sein
    don't worry, everything is under \control! keine Sorge, wir haben alles im Griff!
    to be under the \control of sb MIL unter jds Kommando stehen
    to bring [or get] a fire under \control ein Feuer unter Kontrolle bringen
    to exert [or ( form) exercise] \control over sb/sth jdn/etw beherrschen
    to get [or go] [or run] out of \control außer Kontrolle geraten
    the car/fire went out of \control der Wagen/das Feuer geriet außer Kontrolle
    to lose \control over sth die Kontrolle [o Gewalt] über etw akk verlieren
    to gain/lose \control of a company die Leitung eines Unternehmens übernehmen/abgeben müssen
    to slip out of sb's \control nicht mehr in jds Macht liegen, jds Kontrolle entgleiten
    to wrest \control of a town from sb jdm die Herrschaft über eine Stadt entreißen
    ball \control SPORT Ballführung f
    2. no pl (self-restraint) Selbstbeherrschung f
    to be in \control of one's emotions seine Gefühle unter Kontrolle haben, Herr seiner Gefühle sein
    3. (means of regulating) Kontrolle f
    ▪ \controls on sth Kontrolle f einer S. gen
    arms \control Rüstungsbegrenzung f
    birth \control Geburtenkontrolle f
    price \controls Preiskontrollen pl
    rent \controls Mietpreisbindung f
    traffic \control Verkehrsregelung f
    quality \control Qualitätskontrolle f
    wage \controls Gehaltskontrollen pl
    to impose [or introduce] /tighten \controls Kontrollen einführen/konsolidieren
    the government has recently imposed strict \controls on dog ownership die Regierung macht den Hundehaltern neuerdings strenge Auflagen
    4. TECH Schalter m, Regler m
    the co-pilot was at the \controls when the plane landed der Kopilot steuerte das Flugzeug bei der Landung
    to take over the \controls die Steuerung übernehmen
    \control panel Schalttafel f
    volume \control Lautstärkeregler m
    5. no pl (checkpoint) Kontrolle f
    customs/passport \control Zoll-/Passkontrolle f
    to go through customs \control die Zollkontrolle passieren geh, durch den Zoll gehen fam
    6. (person) Kontrollperson f
    \control [group] Kontrollgruppe f
    7. COMPUT Steuerung f, Control f
    \control-F2 Steuerung [o Strg] -F2
    8. (base)
    \control [room] Zentrale f
    \control tower AVIAT Kontrollturm m
    9. (in an intelligence organization) Agentenführer(in) m(f)
    II. vt
    <- ll->
    ▪ to \control sth etw kontrollieren
    to \control a business ein Geschäft führen
    to \control a car ein Auto steuern
    to \control a company eine Firma leiten
    the car is difficult to \control at high speeds bei hoher Geschwindigkeit gerät der Wagen leicht außer Kontrolle
    the whole territory is now \controlled by the army das ganze Gebiet steht jetzt unter Kontrolle der Streitkräfte
    ▪ to \control sth etw regulieren [o kontrollieren]
    many biological processes are \controlled by hormones viele biologische Prozesse werden von Hormonen gesteuert
    the laws \controlling drugs are very strict in this country hierzulande ist das Arzneimittelgesetz sehr streng
    to \control a blaze/an epidemic ein Feuer/eine Epidemie unter Kontrolle bringen
    to \control inflation die Inflation eindämmen
    to \control pain Schmerzen in Schach halten
    to \control prices/spending Preise/Ausgaben regulieren
    3. (as to emotions)
    ▪ to \control sb/sth jdn/etw beherrschen
    I was so furious I couldn't \control myself ich war so wütend, dass ich mich nicht mehr beherrschen konnte
    to \control one's anger seinen Zorn mäßigen
    to \control one's feelings seine Gefühle akk unter Kontrolle haben
    to \control one's temper/urge sein Temperament/Verlangen zügeln
    4. TECH
    ▪ to \control sth temperature, volume etw regulieren
    the knob \controls the volume der Knopf regelt die Lautstärke
    the traffic lights are \controlled by a computer die Ampeln werden von einem Computer gesteuert
    5.
    ▶ to \control the purse strings das Geld zusammenhalten, den Daumen draufhalten sl
    * * *
    [kən'trəʊl]
    1. n
    1) no pl (= management, supervision) Aufsicht f (of über +acc); (of money, fortune) Verwaltung f (
    of +gen); (of situation, emotion, language) Beherrschung f ( of +gen); (= self-control) (Selbst)beherrschung f; (= physical control) (Körper)beherrschung f ( of +gen); (= authority, power) Gewalt f, Macht f (over über +acc); (over territory) Gewalt f (over über +acc = regulation, of prices, disease, inflation) Kontrolle f ( of +gen); (of traffic) Regelung f ( of +gen); (of pollution) Einschränkung f ( of +gen)

    to have control of sb — jdn unter Kontrolle haben; children jdn beaufsichtigen

    to be in control of one's emotions — Herr über seine Gefühle sein, Herr seiner Gefühle sein

    she has no control over how the money is spent/what her children do — sie hat keinen Einfluss darauf, wie das Geld ausgegeben wird/was ihre Kinder machen

    to lose control (of sth) — etw nicht mehr in der Hand haben, (über etw acc ) die Gewalt or Herrschaft verlieren; of business die Kontrolle (über etw acc ) verlieren; of car die Kontrolle or Herrschaft (über etw acc ) verlieren

    to be/get out of control (child, class) — außer Rand und Band sein/geraten; (situation) außer Kontrolle sein/geraten; (car) nicht mehr zu halten sein; (inflation, prices, disease, pollution) sich jeglicher Kontrolle (dat) entziehen/nicht mehr zu halten or zu bremsen (inf) sein; (fire) nicht unter Kontrolle sein/außer Kontrolle geraten

    the car spun out of control —

    to bring or get sth under control — etw unter Kontrolle bringen; situation Herr einer Sache (gen) werden; car etw in seine Gewalt bringen

    to be under control — unter Kontrolle sein; (children, class) sich benehmen; (car) (wieder) lenkbar sein

    everything or the situation is under control — wir/sie etc haben die Sache im Griff (inf)

    the situation was beyond their control —

    2) (= check) Kontrolle f (
    on +gen, über +acc)

    wage/price controls — Lohn-/Preiskontrolle f

    3) (= control room) die Zentrale; (AVIAT) der Kontrollturm
    4) (= knob, switch) Regler m; (of vehicle, machine) Schalter m

    to be at the controls (of spaceship, airliner) — am Kontrollpult sitzen; (of small plane, car) die Steuerung haben

    5) (SCI: person) Kontrollperson f; (= animal) Kontrolltier nt; (= group) Kontrollgruppe f
    6) (SPIRITUALISM) Geist einer Persönlichkeit, dessen Äußerungen das Medium wiedergibt
    7) (COMPUT) Steuerung f
    2. vt
    1) (= direct, manage) kontrollieren; business führen, leiten, unter sich (dat) haben; sea beherrschen; organization in der Hand haben; animal, child, class fertig werden mit; car steuern, lenken; traffic regeln; emotions, movements beherrschen, unter Kontrolle halten; hair bändigen

    to control oneself/one's temper — sich beherrschen

    control yourself! — nimm dich zusammen!

    please try to control your children/dog — bitte sehen Sie zu, dass sich Ihre Kinder benehmen/sich Ihr Hund benimmt

    2) (= regulate, check) prices, rents, growth etc kontrollieren; temperature, speed regulieren; disease unter Kontrolle bringen; population eindämmen, im Rahmen halten
    * * *
    control [kənˈtrəʊl]
    A v/t
    1. beherrschen, die Herrschaft oder Kontrolle haben über (akk), etwas in der Hand haben, gebieten über (akk):
    the company controls the entire industry die Gesellschaft beherrscht die gesamte Industrie;
    control the race SPORT das Rennen kontrollieren;
    controlling company WIRTSCH Muttergesellschaft f;
    controlling interest WIRTSCH maßgebliche Beteiligung, ausschlaggebender Kapitalanteil;
    controlling shareholder (bes US stockholder) WIRTSCH Besitzer(in) der Aktienmajorität, maßgebliche(r) Aktionär(in)
    2. in Schranken halten, einer Sache Herr werden, Einhalt gebieten (dat), (erfolgreich) bekämpfen, eindämmen:
    control o.s. ( oder one’s temper) sich beherrschen
    3. kontrollieren:
    a) überwachen, beaufsichtigen
    b) (nach)prüfen:
    control an experiment ein Experiment durch Gegenversuche kontrollieren
    4. regeln:
    5. leiten, lenken, führen, verwalten
    6. WIRTSCH (staatlich) bewirtschaften, planen, dirigieren, den Absatz, Konsum, die Kaufkraft etc lenken, die Preise binden:
    controlled economy gelenkte Wirtschaft, Planwirtschaft f
    7. ELEK, TECH steuern, regeln, regulieren, eine Maschine etc bedienen:
    controlled by compressed air druckluftgesteuert;
    controlled rocket gesteuerte Rakete;
    controlled ventilation regulierbare Lüftung
    B s
    1. (of, over) Beherrschung f (gen) (auch fig), Macht f, Gewalt f, Kontrolle f, Herrschaft f (über akk):
    be in control of o.s. sich in der Gewalt haben;
    bring ( oder get) under control Herr werden (gen), unter Kontrolle bringen;
    get control of one’s life sein Leben in den Griff bekommen;
    get control over in seine Gewalt oder in die Hand bekommen;
    get beyond sb’s control jemandem über den Kopf wachsen;
    get out of control außer Kontrolle geraten, (Diskussion etc) ausufern;
    circumstances beyond our control unvorhersehbare Umstände, Fälle höherer Gewalt;
    a) → A 1,
    b) Gewalt über jemanden haben;
    have the situation under control Herr der Lage sein, die Lage beherrschen;
    keep under control im Zaum halten, fest in der Hand haben;
    lose control die Herrschaft oder Gewalt oder Kontrolle verlieren (over, of über eine Partei, ein Auto etc);
    lose control of o.s. die Beherrschung verlieren
    2. Selbstbeherrschung f:
    3. Körperbeherrschung f
    4. (of, over) Aufsicht f, Kontrolle f (über akk), Überwachung f (gen):
    government ( oder state) control staatliche Aufsicht;
    be in control of sth etwas leiten oder unter sich haben;
    be under sb’s control jemandem unterstehen oder unterstellt sein
    5. Leitung f, Verwaltung f (eines Unternehmens etc)
    6. WIRTSCH
    a) (Kapital-, Konsum-, Kaufkraft- etc) Lenkung f
    b) (Devisen- etc) Bewirtschaftung f
    7. JUR
    a) Gewahrsam m
    b) Verfügungsgewalt f (of, over über akk)
    c) auch parental control elterliche Gewalt (of, over über akk):
    place sb under control jemanden unter Vormundschaft stellen
    8. Bekämpfung f, Eindämmung f
    9. ELEK, TECH Steuerung f, Bedienung f
    10. TECH Bedienungselement n:
    be at the controls fig das Sagen haben, an den (Schalt-)Hebeln der Macht sitzen
    11. ELEK, TECH
    a) Regelung f, Regulierung f
    b) Regler m
    12. pl FLUG Steuerung f, Leitwerk n, Steuerzüge pl
    13. a) Kontrolle f, Anhaltspunkt m
    b) Vergleichswert m
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (power of directing, restraint) Kontrolle, die (of über + Akk.); (management) Leitung, die

    governmental control — Regierungsgewalt, die

    have control of something — die Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben; (take decisions) für etwas zuständig sein

    take control of — die Kontrolle übernehmen über (+ Akk.)

    be in control [of something] — die Kontrolle [über etwas (Akk.)] haben

    [go or get] out of control — außer Kontrolle [geraten]

    [get something] under control — [etwas] unter Kontrolle [bringen]

    lose/regain control of oneself — die Beherrschung verlieren/wiedergewinnen

    have some/complete/no control over something — eine gewisse/die absolute/keine Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben

    2) (device) Regler, der

    controls — (as a group) Schalttafel, die; (of TV, stereo system) Bedienungstafel, die

    be at the controls — [Fahrer, Pilot:] am Steuer sitzen

    2. transitive verb,
    - ll-
    1) (have control of) kontrollieren; steuern, lenken [Auto]

    controlling interest — (Commerc.) Mehrheitsbeteiligung, die

    2) (hold in check) beherrschen; zügeln [Zorn, Ungeduld, Temperament]; (regulate) kontrollieren; regulieren [Geschwindigkeit, Temperatur]; einschränken [Export, Ausgaben]; regeln [Verkehr]
    * * *
    n.
    Bedienungselement n.
    Beherrschung f.
    Kontrolle f.
    Lenkung -en f.
    Steuerung f. v.
    ansteuern v.
    beherrschen v.
    kontrollieren v.
    steuern v.

    English-german dictionary > control

  • 17 every

    ['evri]
    1) (each one of or all (of a certain number): Every room is painted white; Not every family has a car.) hver; hver eneste; enhver; alle
    2) (each (of an indefinite number or series): Every hour brought the two countries nearer war; He attends to her every need.) hver; hver eneste; alle
    3) (the most absolute or complete possible: We have every reason to believe that she will get better.) hver; hver eneste; enhver; alle
    4) (used to show repetition after certain intervals of time or space: I go to the supermarket every four or five days; Every second house in the row was bright pink; `Every other day' means èvery two days' or `on alternate days'.) hver
    •
    - everyone
    - everyday
    - everything
    - everywhere
    - every bit as
    - every now and then / every now and again / every so often
    - every time
    * * *
    ['evri]
    1) (each one of or all (of a certain number): Every room is painted white; Not every family has a car.) hver; hver eneste; enhver; alle
    2) (each (of an indefinite number or series): Every hour brought the two countries nearer war; He attends to her every need.) hver; hver eneste; alle
    3) (the most absolute or complete possible: We have every reason to believe that she will get better.) hver; hver eneste; enhver; alle
    4) (used to show repetition after certain intervals of time or space: I go to the supermarket every four or five days; Every second house in the row was bright pink; `Every other day' means èvery two days' or `on alternate days'.) hver
    •
    - everyone
    - everyday
    - everything
    - everywhere
    - every bit as
    - every now and then / every now and again / every so often
    - every time

    English-Danish dictionary > every

  • 18 necessity

    noun
    1) (power of circumstances) Not, die; äußerer Zwang

    do something out of or from necessity — etwas notgedrungen tun

    make a virtue of necessity — aus der Not eine Tugend machen

    2) (necessary thing) Notwendigkeit, die
    3) (indispensability, imperative need) Notwendigkeit, die

    there is no necessity for rudeness — es besteht keine Notwendigkeit, unhöflich zu sein

    4) (want) Not, die; Bedürftigkeit, die

    be/live in necessity — Not leiden

    * * *
    [ni'sesəti]
    - plural necessities - noun (something needed or essential: Food is one of the necessities of life.) die Notwendigkeit
    * * *
    ne·ces·sity
    [nəˈsesəti, AM -ət̬i]
    n
    1. no pl (being necessary) Notwendigkeit f
    in case of \necessity im Notfall m
    a case of absolute \necessity ein absoluter Notfall
    when the \necessity arises wenn es unbedingt nötig ist
    by [or from] [or out of] \necessity aus Not f
    2. (indispensability) Lebensnotwendige nt kein pl
    bare \necessity Grundbedarf m
    the necessities of life das zum Leben Notwendige
    3.
    ▶ \necessity is the mother of invention ( prov) Not macht erfinderisch prov
    * * *
    [nI'sesItɪ]
    n
    1) no pl Notwendigkeit f

    of necessity — notgedrungen, notwendigerweise

    he did not realize the necessity for a quick decision — er hat nicht erkannt, wie wichtig or notwendig eine schnelle Entscheidung war

    it is a case of absolute necessity —

    there is no necessity for you to do that — es besteht nicht die geringste Notwendigkeit, dass Sie das tun

    2) no pl (= poverty) Not f, Armut f

    to live in necessity — Not leiden, in Armut leben

    3) (= necessary thing) Notwendigkeit f
    * * *
    necessity [nıˈsesətı] s
    1. Notwendigkeit f:
    a) Erforderlichkeit f:
    as a necessity, of ( oder by) necessity notwendigerweise, zwangsläufig, notgedrungen;
    be an absolute necessity unbedingt notwendig sein;
    there is no necessity for es besteht keine Notwendigkeit zu
    b) Unumgänglichkeit f, Unvermeidlichkeit f
    c) Zwang m:
    be under the necessity of doing sth gezwungen sein, etwas zu tun
    2. (dringendes) Bedürfnis:
    necessities of life lebensnotwendiger Bedarf;
    be a necessity of life lebensnotwendig sein
    3. Not f, Zwangslage f:
    necessity knows no law (Sprichwort) Not kennt kein Gebot;
    in case of necessity im Notfall; → academic.ru/80439/virtue">virtue 3
    4. Not(lage) f, Bedürftigkeit f
    5. JUR Notstand m
    * * *
    noun
    1) (power of circumstances) Not, die; äußerer Zwang

    do something out of or from necessity — etwas notgedrungen tun

    2) (necessary thing) Notwendigkeit, die
    3) (indispensability, imperative need) Notwendigkeit, die

    there is no necessity for rudeness — es besteht keine Notwendigkeit, unhöflich zu sein

    4) (want) Not, die; Bedürftigkeit, die

    be/live in necessity — Not leiden

    * * *
    n.
    Bedürfnis n.
    Erfordernis f.
    Not ¨-e f.
    Notwendigkeit f.
    Zwangsläufigkeit f.

    English-german dictionary > necessity

  • 19 perfect

    1. adjective
    1) (complete) vollkommen; umfassend [Kenntnisse, Wissen]
    2) (faultless) vollkommen; perfekt [Englisch, Technik, Timing]; tadellos [Zustand]; [absolut] gelungen [Aufführung]; lupenrein [Diamant]; see also academic.ru/57275/practice">practice I 1)
    3) (very satisfactory) herrlich; wunderbar
    4) (exact) perfekt; getreu [Ebenbild, Abbild]; (fully what the name implies) perfekt [Gentleman, Gastgeberin]
    5) (absolute)

    he is a perfect stranger to me — er ist mir völlig unbekannt

    he is a perfect angel (coll.) /charmer — er ist wirklich ein Engel/charmant

    I have a perfect right to stay — ich habe eindeutig od. durchaus das Recht zu bleiben

    6) (coll.): (unmitigated) absolut

    look a perfect fright/mess — wirklich zum Weglaufen/absolut verboten aussehen (ugs.)

    2. transitive verb
    vervollkommnen; perfektionieren
    * * *
    1. ['pə:fikt] adjective
    1) (without fault or flaw; excellent: a perfect day for a holiday; a perfect rose.) ideal
    2) (exact: a perfect copy.) vollkommen
    3) (very great; complete: a perfect stranger.) vollkommen
    2. [pə'fekt] verb
    (to make perfect: He went to France to perfect his French.) vervollkommnen
    - perfection
    - perfectionist
    - perfectly
    * * *
    per·fect
    I. adj
    [ˈpɜ:fɪkt, AM ˈpɜ:r-]
    1. (without fault) vollkommen, perfekt
    to have \perfect attendance nie fehlen
    \perfect calm völlige [o vollkommene] Ruhe
    \perfect circle vollkommener Kreis
    in \perfect condition im makellosen Zustand, einwandfrei
    \perfect crime perfektes Verbrechen
    \perfect gentleman vollkommener Gentleman
    \perfect happiness vollkommenes Glück
    \perfect idiot [or fool] völliger Idiot
    to be \perfect in a language eine Sprache perfekt beherrschen
    to be a \perfect match for sth/sb perfekt zu etw/jdm passen
    \perfect opportunity ideale Gelegenheit
    sb has a \perfect right to do sth es ist jds gutes Recht, etw zu tun
    \perfect silence vollkommene Stille
    \perfect stranger völlig Fremde(r) f(m)
    \perfect in every way absolut vollkommen
    to be far from \perfect alles andere als perfekt sein
    2. SCI
    \perfect plate theoretischer Boden
    \perfect shadow Kernschatten m
    II. vt
    [pəˈfekt, AM pɜ:rˈ-]
    ▪ to \perfect sth etw perfektionieren [o vervollkommnen]
    he has \perfected the art of cheating er beherrscht perfekt die Kunst des Falschspiels
    III. n
    [ˈpɜ:fɪkt, AM ˈpɜ:r-]
    no pl LING Perfekt nt
    future \perfect vollendete Zukunft
    past \perfect Plusquamperfekt nt fachspr, Vorvergangenheit f
    [present] \perfect Perfekt nt fachspr, zweite Vergangenheit
    * * *
    ['pɜːfɪkt]
    1. adj
    1) perfekt; wife, husband, teacher, host, relationship perfekt, vorbildlich; weather, day, holiday ideal, perfekt; (COMM = not damaged) einwandfrei

    to be perfect for doing sth — bestens geeignet sein, um etw zu tun

    it was the perfect moment — es war genau der richtige Augenblick

    that's the perfect hairstyle/woman for you — das ist genau die richtige Frisur/Frau für dich

    with perfect self-confidence —

    in a perfect world —

    2) (= absolute, utter) völlig; fool, nonsense völlig, ausgemacht
    3) (GRAM)

    perfect ending — Endung f im Perfekt

    4) (MUS) fourth rein; cadence authentisch → pitch
    See:
    → pitch
    2. n (GRAM)
    Perfekt nt

    in the perfect — im Perfekt [pə'fekt]

    3. vt
    vervollkommnen; technique, technology, process also perfektionieren

    to perfect the art of doing sth — die Kunst perfektionieren, etw zu tun

    * * *
    perfect [ˈpɜːfıkt; US ˈpɜr-]
    A adj (adv → perfectly)
    1. vollkommen, vollendet, fehler-, tadel-, makellos, perfekt:
    a perfect crime ein perfektes Verbrechen;
    perfect line (Skisport etc) Ideallinie f;
    perfect marriage Musterehe f;
    perfect pass SPORT Musterpass m;
    perfect pitch absolutes Gehör;
    2. perfekt (gründlich ausgebildet) (in in dat)
    3. gänzlich, vollständig, genau:
    a perfect circle ein vollkommener Kreis;
    perfect strangers wildfremde Leute;
    he’s a perfect stranger to me er ist mir völlig unbekannt
    4. umg rein, komplett (Unfug etc):
    a perfect fool ein kompletter oder ausgemachter Narr
    5. LING vollendet:
    perfect participle Partizip n Perfekt, Mittelwort n der Vergangenheit;
    6. MUS vollkommen:
    perfect cadence authentische Kadenz;
    perfect interval reines Intervall
    7. MATH ganz (Zahl)
    B s LING Perfekt n, vollendete Gegenwart: → future perfect, past A 2, present1 A 6
    C v/t [pə(r)ˈfekt]
    1. vervollkommnen, perfektionieren
    2. vervollständigen
    3. jemanden vervollkommnen:
    perfect o.s. in sich vervollkommnen in (dat)
    perf. abk
    1. perfect Perf.
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (complete) vollkommen; umfassend [Kenntnisse, Wissen]
    2) (faultless) vollkommen; perfekt [Englisch, Technik, Timing]; tadellos [Zustand]; [absolut] gelungen [Aufführung]; lupenrein [Diamant]; see also practice I 1)
    3) (very satisfactory) herrlich; wunderbar
    4) (exact) perfekt; getreu [Ebenbild, Abbild]; (fully what the name implies) perfekt [Gentleman, Gastgeberin]
    5) (absolute)

    he is a perfect angel (coll.) /charmer — er ist wirklich ein Engel/charmant

    I have a perfect right to stay — ich habe eindeutig od. durchaus das Recht zu bleiben

    6) (coll.): (unmitigated) absolut

    look a perfect fright/mess — wirklich zum Weglaufen/absolut verboten aussehen (ugs.)

    2. transitive verb
    vervollkommnen; perfektionieren
    * * *
    adj.
    perfekt adj.
    vollendet adj.
    vollkommen adj. v.
    perfektionieren v.
    vervollkommnen v.

    English-german dictionary > perfect

  • 20 power

    1. noun
    1) (ability) Kraft, die

    do all in one's power to help somebody — alles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen

    2) (faculty) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das (geh.); (talent) Begabung, die; Talent, das
    3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, die
    4) (authority) Macht, die, Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)

    she was in his power — sie war in seiner Gewalt

    5) (personal ascendancy)

    [exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)

    6) (political or social ascendancy) Macht, die

    hold power — an der Macht sein

    come into power — an die Macht kommen

    balance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das

    7) (authorization) Vollmacht, die
    8) (influential person) Autorität, die; (influential thing) Machtfaktor, der

    be the power behind the throne — (Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)

    9) (State) Macht, die
    10) (coll.): (large amount) Menge, die (ugs.)
    11) (Math.) Potenz, die
    12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die
    13) (deity) Macht, die
    2. transitive verb
    [Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen
    * * *
    1) ((an) ability: A witch has magic power; A cat has the power of seeing in the dark; He no longer has the power to walk.) die Kraft
    2) (strength, force or energy: muscle power; water-power; ( also adjective) a power tool (=a tool operated by electricity etc. not by hand).) die Kraft; mit Elektrizität betrieben
    3) (authority or control: political groups fighting for power; How much power does the Queen have?; I have him in my power at last) die Macht
    4) (a right belonging to eg a person in authority: The police have the power of arrest.) die Befugnis
    5) (a person with great authority or influence: He is quite a power in the town.) einflußreiche Persönlichkeit
    6) (a strong and influential country: the Western powers.) die Macht
    7) (the result obtained by multiplying a number by itself a given number of times: 2 × 2 × 2 or 23 is the third power of 2, or 2 to the power of 3.) die Potenz
    •
    - academic.ru/117970/powered">powered
    - powerful
    - powerfully
    - powerfulness
    - powerless
    - powerlessness
    - power cut
    - failure
    - power-driven
    - power point
    - power station
    - be in power
    * * *
    pow·er
    [ˈpaʊəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (control) Macht f; (influence) Einfluss m
    gay/black \power movement Schwulenbewegung f/schwarze Bürgerrechtsbewegung
    to be in sb's \power völlig unter jds Einfluss stehen
    to have sb in one's \power jdn in seiner Gewalt haben
    to have \power over sb/sth (control) Macht über jdn/etw haben; (influence) Einfluss auf jdn/etw haben
    he has a mysterious \power over her sie ist ihm auf eine rätselhafte Art verfallen
    2. no pl (political control) Macht f
    absolute \power absolute Macht
    to come to \power an die Macht kommen
    executive/legislative \power die exekutive/legislative Gewalt
    to fall from \power die Macht abgeben müssen
    to be in/out of \power an der Macht/nicht an der Macht sein
    to restore sb to \power jdn wieder an die Macht bringen
    to be returned to \power wieder [o erneut] an die Macht kommen
    to seize \power die Macht ergreifen [o übernehmen
    3. (nation) [Führungs]macht f
    industrial/military \power Industriemacht/Militärmacht f
    naval [or sea] \power Seemacht f
    nuclear \power Atommacht f
    the West's leading \powers die westlichen Führungsmächte
    world \power Weltmacht f
    4. (person, group) Macht f; (person also) treibende Kraft
    ▪ \powers pl (group) Kräfte pl
    she is becoming an increasingly important \power in the company sie wird innerhalb des Unternehmens zunehmend wichtiger
    Mother Teresa was a \power for good Mutter Teresa hat viel Gutes bewirkt
    the \powers of darkness die Mächte pl der Finsternis
    5. no pl (right) Berechtigung f, Befugnis f
    it is [with]in my \power to order your arrest ich bin dazu berechtigt, Sie unter Arrest zu stellen
    to have the \power of veto das Vetorecht haben
    ▪ \powers pl Kompetenz[en] f[pl]
    to act beyond one's \powers seine Kompetenzen überschreiten
    to give sb full \powers to do sth jdn bevollmächtigen, etw zu tun
    7. no pl (ability) Vermögen nt, Macht f
    it is beyond my \power to... es steht nicht in meiner Macht,...
    the doctors will soon have it within their \power to... die Ärzte werden bald in der Lage sein,...
    \power of absorption Absorptionsvermögen nt
    to do everything in one's \power alles in seiner Macht Stehende tun
    to have the [or have it in one's] \power to do sth die Fähigkeit haben, etw zu tun, etw tun können
    they have the \power to destroy us sie haben die Macht, uns zu zerstören
    ▪ \powers pl Vermögen nt kein pl, Fähigkeiten pl
    \powers of concentration Konzentrationsfähigkeit f
    \powers of endurance Durchhaltevermögen nt
    to be at the height [or peak] of one's \powers auf dem Höhepunkt seiner Leistungsfähigkeit sein
    intellectual/mental \powers intellektuelle/geistige Fähigkeiten
    \powers of observation Beobachtungsfähigkeit f
    \powers of persuasion Überzeugungskraft f
    9. no pl (strength) Kraft f, Stärke f; (of sea, wind, explosion) Gewalt f; (of nation, political party) Stärke f, Macht f
    economic \power Wirtschaftsmacht f
    explosive \power Sprengkraft f a. fig
    military \power militärische Stärke
    10. no pl (emotion) Intensität f; of words Macht f
    a poet of immense \power eine Dichterin von unglaublicher Ausdruckskraft
    11. no pl (electricity) Strom m, Elektrizität f
    to cut off the \power den Strom abstellen
    to disconnect the \power den Strom abschalten
    hydroelectric \power Wasserkraft f
    nuclear \power Atomenergie f
    solar \power Solarenergie f, Sonnenenergie f
    source of \power Energiequelle f, Energielieferant m
    12. no pl (output) Leistung f, Kraft f
    full \power ahead! volle Kraft voraus!
    13. no pl (dioptres) Stärke f
    what's the magnification \power of your binoculars? wie stark ist Ihr Fernglas?
    14. no pl MATH Potenz f
    \power of ten Zehnerpotenz f
    two to the \power [of] four [or to the fourth \power] zwei hoch vier
    three raised to the \power of six drei in die sechste Potenz erhoben
    15.
    ▶ the \powers that be die Mächtigen
    it's up to the \powers that be to decide what... sollen die da oben doch entscheiden, was... fam
    ▶ to do sb a \power of good ( fam) jdm wirklich gut tun
    ▶ more \power to your elbow [or AM to you]! nur zu!, viel Erfolg!
    ▶ \power behind the throne graue Eminenz
    II. n modifier
    1. (electric) (source, supply) Strom-
    \power failure [or loss] Stromausfall m
    \power industry Energiewirtschaft f
    \power output elektrische Leistung, Stromleistung f
    \power switch [Strom]schalter m
    2. (political) (block, game, structure) Macht-
    \power politics Machtpolitik f
    \power struggle Machtkampf m
    \power vacuum Machtvakuum nt
    III. vi
    1. (speed)
    ▪ to \power somewhere irgendwohin sausen [o fam rasen
    2. (work hard) sich akk mächtig ins Zeug legen fam
    IV. vt
    ▪ to \power sth etw antreiben
    diesel-\powered trucks Lkws mit Dieselantrieb
    * * *
    ['paʊə(r)]
    1. n
    1) no pl (= physical strength) Kraft f; (= force of blow, explosion etc) Stärke f, Gewalt f, Wucht f; (fig of argument etc) Überzeugungskraft f

    the power of love/logic/tradition — die Macht der Liebe/Logik/Tradition

    2) (= faculty, ability of hearing, imagination) Vermögen nt no pl

    mental/hypnotic powers — geistige/hypnotische Kräfte pl

    he did all in his power to help them —

    it's beyond my power or not within my power to... — es steht nicht in meiner Macht, zu...

    4) (no pl = sphere or strength of influence, authority) Macht f; (JUR, parental) Gewalt f; (usu pl = thing one has authority to do) Befugnis f

    he has the power to act — er ist handlungsberechtigt

    the power of the police/of the law — die Macht der Polizei/des Gesetzes

    the party now in power — die Partei, die im Augenblick an der Macht ist

    "student/worker power" — "Macht den Studenten/Arbeitern"

    5) (= person or institution having authority) Autorität f, Machtfaktor m

    to be the power behind the scenes/throne — die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers of darkness/evil — die Mächte der Finsternis/des Bösen

    6) (= nation) Macht f
    7) (= source of energy nuclear, electric power etc) Energie f; (of water, steam) Energie f, Kraft f

    power on/off (technical device) —

    the ship made port under her own power — das Schiff lief mit eigener Kraft in den Hafen ein

    8) (of engine, machine, loudspeakers, transmitter) Leistung f; (of microscope, lens, sun's rays, drug, chemical) Stärke f

    the power of suggestion —

    9) (MATH) Potenz f

    to the power (of) 2 — hoch 2, in der 2. Potenz

    10) (inf

    = a lot of) a power of help — eine wertvolle or große Hilfe

    2. vt
    (engine) antreiben; (fuel) betreiben

    powered by electricity/by jet engines — mit Elektro-/Düsenantrieb

    3. vi
    (runner, racing car) rasen

    the swimmer powered through the water —

    * * *
    power [ˈpaʊə(r)]
    A s
    1. Kraft f, Stärke f, Macht f, Vermögen n:
    it was out of ( oder not in) his power to do it es stand nicht in seiner Macht, es zu tun;
    more power to your elbow! bes Br umg viel Erfolg!;
    do all in one’s power alles tun, was in seiner Macht steht;
    it is beyond my power es übersteigt meine Kraft
    2. (auch physische) Kraft, Energie f
    3. Wucht f, Gewalt f, Kraft f
    4. meist pl
    a) (hypnotische etc) Kräfte pl
    b) (geistige) Fähigkeiten pl:
    power to concentrate, power(s) of concentration Konzentrationsvermögen n, -fähigkeit f; → observation A 3, persuasion 2 Talent n
    5. Macht f, Gewalt f, Autorität f, Herrschaft f ( alle:
    over über akk):
    the power of money die Macht des Geldes;
    be in power an der Macht oder umg am Ruder sein;
    be in sb’s power in jemandes Gewalt sein;
    come into power an die Macht oder umg ans Ruder kommen, zur Macht gelangen;
    have sb in one’s power jemanden in seiner Gewalt haben;
    have (no) power over sb (keinen) Einfluss auf jemanden haben; → key1 A 1
    6. JUR (Handlungs-, Vertretungs)Vollmacht f, Befugnis f:
    power of testation Testierfähigkeit f; → attorney b, full1 A 11, go beyond
    7. POL Gewalt f (als Staatsfunktion): → legislative A 1, separation 1, etc
    8. POL (Macht)Befugnis f, (Amts)Gewalt f
    9. POL Macht f, Staat m: → Great Powers
    10. Machtfaktor m, einflussreiche Stelle oder Person:
    the powers that be die maßgeblichen (Regierungs)Stellen;
    11. höhere Macht:
    the heavenly powers die himmlischen Mächte; → darkness 4
    12. Powers pl REL Mächte pl (6. Ordnung der Engel)
    13. umg Menge f:
    it did him a power of good es hat ihm unwahrscheinlich gutgetan
    14. MATH Potenz f:
    power series Potenzreihe f;
    raise to the third power in die dritte Potenz erheben
    15. ELEK, PHYS Kraft f, Leistung f, Energie f:
    power per unit surface ( oder area) Flächenleistung
    16. ELEK (Stark)Strom m
    17. RADIO, TV Sendestärke f
    18. TECH
    a) mechanische Kraft, Antriebskraft f
    b) → horsepower 1:
    a) mit laufendem Motor,
    b) (mit) Vollgas;
    power off mit abgestelltem Motor, im Leerlauf;
    under one’s own power mit eigener Kraft, fig a. unter eigener Regie
    19. OPT Vergrößerungskraft f, (Brenn)Stärke f (einer Linse)
    B v/t TECH mit (mechanischer etc) Kraft betreiben, antreiben, (mit Motor) ausrüsten: → rocket-powered
    C v/i TECH mit Motorkraft fahren
    p. abk
    1. page S.
    2. part T.
    3. LING participle Part.
    4. past
    5. Br penny, pence
    6. per
    7. post, after
    P abk
    3. PHYS power;
    4. PHYS pressure
    pr abk
    1. pair
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (ability) Kraft, die

    do all in one's power to help somebody — alles in seiner Macht od. seinen Kräften Stehende tun, um jemandem zu helfen

    2) (faculty) Fähigkeit, die; Vermögen, das (geh.); (talent) Begabung, die; Talent, das
    3) (vigour, intensity) (of sun's rays) Kraft, die; (of sermon, performance) Eindringlichkeit, die; (solidity, physical strength) Kraft, die; (of a blow) Wucht, die
    4) (authority) Macht, die, Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)

    [exercise/get] power — Einfluss [ausüben/gewinnen] ( over auf + Akk.)

    balance of power — Kräftegleichgewicht, das

    7) (authorization) Vollmacht, die
    8) (influential person) Autorität, die; (influential thing) Machtfaktor, der

    be the power behind the throne — (Polit.) die graue Eminenz sein

    the powers that be — die maßgeblichen Stellen; die da oben (ugs.)

    9) (State) Macht, die
    10) (coll.): (large amount) Menge, die (ugs.)
    11) (Math.) Potenz, die
    12) (mechanical, electrical) Kraft, die; (electric current) Strom, der; (of loudspeaker, engine, etc.) Leistung, die
    13) (deity) Macht, die
    2. transitive verb
    [Treibstoff, Dampf, Strom, Gas:] antreiben; [Batterie:] mit Energie versehen od. versorgen
    * * *
    (of) n.
    Macht ¨-e (über) f. (exponent, Mathematics) n.
    (Mathematik) f. n.
    Einfluss -¨e m.
    Energie -n f.
    Herrschaft f.
    Kraft ¨-e f.
    Leistung -en f.
    Potenz -en f.
    Strom ¨-e m.
    Vermögen - n.

    English-german dictionary > power

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • Absolute war — The concept of absolute war was a philosophical construct developed by the military theorist General Carl von Clausewitz and features in the first half of the first chapter of his book On War . After this, Clausewitz explains that absolute war is …   Wikipedia

  • War Daddy — is a unique and rare football term, most used in college football. It refers to a player with extraordinary ability and exceptional toughness. Reggie White, Lawrence Taylor, and Richard Seymour have been cited to be War Daddies. Harold T. White… …   Wikipedia

  • Absolute monarchy — is a monarchical form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything. Although some religious authorities may be able to discourage the monarch from some acts and the sovereign is expected to act according to custom,… …   Wikipedia

  • Absolute Beginners — Absolute Beginners, abgekürzt ABs, ist eine Bezeichnung für Erwachsene ohne Beziehungserfahrung. Beziehung ist hierbei als eine Liebesbeziehung zu verstehen, mit der ein enges zwischenmenschliches Vertrauensverhältnis, körperliche Zärtlichkeit… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Absolute World — Absolute World …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • War Leaders: Clash of Nations — Разработчик Enigma Software Productions Издатели Dreamcatcher Interactive …   Википедия

  • Absolute music — (sometimes abstract music) is a term used to describe musicthat is not explicitly about anything, non representational ornon objective. In contrast with program music, absolute music has no references to stories or images or any other kind of… …   Wikipedia

  • Absolute Greatest — Kompilationsalbum von Queen Veröffentlichung 11. November 2009 (Japan), 13. November (Deutschland, Österreich), 16. November (restliches Europa), 17. November …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Absolute (Album) — Absolute Studioalbum von Mike Leon Grosch Veröffentlichung 2006 Label Sony BMG …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Absolute Musik — (lat. absolutus, unabhängig, losgelöst ) ist Musik, die frei von nicht musikalischen Einflüssen und Vorgaben (wie Dichtkunst, Malerei, Bildhauerei, Tanz, Natur, Technik) ganz ihrem eigenen Ideal als Kunst verpflichtet ist. Die Idee des Absoluten… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • absolute Musik und Programmmusik: Tradition und Fortschritt —   Kontroversen und Parteiungen bestimmten die öffentlichen Kunstdiskussionen vor allem in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Vorstellungen und Begriffe wurden dabei häufig zu Schlagworten vereinfacht, die die Phänomene kaum noch trafen und… …   Universal-Lexikon

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»